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Understanding plasticity in peripheral pain pathways is crucial, particularly when the nervous system is still under development and remodeling process. Substance P (SP) is widely used as a marker for peripheral neurons with unmyelinated and small myelinated fibers. We investigated the number of SP immunoreactive neurons in the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) of male and female Wistar rats, 15 and 180 days after nociceptive stimulation during the neonatal period. Right and left 5th lumbar (L5) DRG were incubated in rabbit polyclonal anti\u2010substance P primary followed by biotinylated donkey anti\u2010rabbit secondary antibodies. Reaction was revealed with a nickel\u2010diaminobenzidine solution. Labeled neurons were counted and compared between ages, genders and groups. Gender differences were present in both ages, with the number of SP\u2010positive DRG neurons being larger in 15\u2010days\u2010old males on both sides. After 180 days, males showed a larger number of SP\u2010positive neurons than females only on the nociceptive stimulated side. An increased number of SP\u2010positive neurons in the DRG on the stimulated side was present in females, immediately after nociceptive stimulation, but not after 180 days. In conclusion, neonatal noxious stimulation caused a permanent increase in SP\u2010positive DRG neurons in males that was not observed in females, suggesting that differences in pain processing\/responsivity between genders could be related to morphological alterations of the nervous system. Anat Rec, 301:849\u2013861, 2018. \u00a9 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.23755","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,16]],"date-time":"2017-12-16T16:47:25Z","timestamp":1513442845000},"page":"849-861","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Substance <scp>P<\/scp> in Dorsal Root Ganglion Neurons in Young and Adult Rats, after Nociceptive Stimulation during the Neonatal Period"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"301","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1057-2024","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Leda Bertoncini","family":"Sim\u00f5es","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery and Anatomy, School of Medicine of Ribeir\u00e3o Preto University of S\u00e3o Paulo Ribeir\u00e3o Preto, 14049\u2010900 Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Greice Anne Rodrigues","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosciences and 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