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We aimed to clarify innervation of the bladder, external urethral sphincter (EUS) and clitoris. Retrograde dyes were injected into each end organ in female dogs. Spinal cord, mid\u2010bladder, and spinal, caudal mesenteric, sympathetic trunk and pelvic plexus ganglia were examined for retrograde dye\u2010labeled neurons. Neurons retrogradely labeled from the bladder were found primarily in L7\u2010S2 spinal ganglia, spinal cord lateral zona intermedia at S1\u2010S3 levels, caudal mesenteric ganglia, T11\u2010L2 and L6\u2010S2 sympathetic trunk ganglia, and pelvic plexus ganglia. The mid\u2010bladder wall contained many intramural ganglia neurons labeled anterogradely from the pelvic nerve, and intramural ganglia retrogradely labeled from dye labeling sites surrounding ureteral orifices. Neurons retrogradely labeled from the clitoris were found only in L7 and S1 spinal ganglia, L7\u2010S3 spinal cord lateral zona intermedia, and S1 sympathetic trunk ganglia, and caudal mesenteric ganglia. Neurons retrogradely labeled from the EUS were found in primarily at S1 and S2 spinal ganglia, spinal cord lamina IX at S1\u2010S3, caudal mesenteric ganglia, and S1\u2010S2 sympathetic trunk ganglia. Thus, direct inputs from the spinal cord to each end organ were identified, as well as multisynaptic circuits involving several ganglia, including intramural ganglia in the bladder wall. Knowledge of this complex circuitry of afferent and efferent inputs to genitourinary structures is necessary to understand and treat genitourinary dysfunction. Anat Rec, 2018. \u00a9 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.23808","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,25]],"date-time":"2018-03-25T11:49:43Z","timestamp":1521978583000},"page":"1426-1441","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Clarification of the Innervation of the Bladder, External Urethral Sphincter and Clitoris: A Neuronal Tracing Study in Female Mongrel Hound Dogs"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"301","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5235-9803","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mary F.","family":"Barbe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University  Philadelphia Pennsylvania 19140"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sandra M.","family":"Gomez\u2010Amaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy 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