{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T14:50:26Z","timestamp":1791989426666,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,24]],"date-time":"2018-04-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1524528000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["anatomypubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Anatomical Record"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:bold>Introduction<\/jats:bold>: The extrapetrous course of the facial nerve has been a matter of study and debate since XIX century. Two different classifications have been classically proposed and widely accepted by most of the authors. Nevertheless, there are reported cases which do not fit in any of those. The aim of this study is to propose a new and useful classification. <jats:bold>Material and methods<\/jats:bold>: We have used 23 embalmed Caucasian adult cadavers (11 male and 12 female) belonging to the Bodies Donation and Dissecting Rooms Centre of the University Complutense of Madrid. The extra\u2010petrous facial nerve was dissected in the possible specimens resulting in 38 facial nerves. The studied parameters were length, diameter of divisions, terminal branches, and nerve connections. <jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>: In every specimen two main divisions were found, temporofacial and cervicofacial. They divided into five terminal branches from cranial to caudal: temporal, zygomatic, buccal, marginal or mandibular, and cervical. Based on the comparison with previous proposed classifications, we have unified the patterns in 12 types being the most frequent types the type 3 (eight cases, 21.05%), with connections between temporal, zygomatic and buccal branches and the type 8 (eight cases, 21.05%), a complex network between temporal, zygomatic, buccal, and mandibular branches. The number of terminal branches was so variable. <jats:bold>Conclusion<\/jats:bold>: We propose a new 12\u2010patterned classification which summarizes the previous ones. However, we consider that a good study of the number of terminal branches, connections between branches or with other cranial nerves are more useful for surgeons to avoid injuries to the facial nerve during surgery than complex classifications. Anat Rec, 302:599\u2013608, 2019. \u00a9 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.23825","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,16]],"date-time":"2018-04-16T12:09:01Z","timestamp":1523880541000},"page":"599-608","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["Extracranial Course of the Facial Nerve Revisited"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"302","author":[{"given":"Paula","family":"Mart\u00ednez Pascual","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of ENT Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Mara\u00f1\u00f3n Madrid Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eva","family":"Maranillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, Facultad de Medicina Universidad Complutense de Madrid Madrid Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3537-0901","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Teresa","family":"V\u00e1zquez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, Facultad de Medicina Universidad Complutense de Madrid Madrid Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clara","family":"Simon de Blas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Sciences and Statistics Universidad Rey Juan Carlos Madrid Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jose Maria","family":"Lasso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic Surgery Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Mara\u00f1\u00f3n Madrid Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6396-2691","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Ram\u00f3n","family":"Sa\u00f1udo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, Facultad de Medicina Universidad Complutense de Madrid Madrid Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1227\/00006123-199312000-00012"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archfacial.2009.96"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13193-011-0121-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0970-0358.63968"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.1984.00800290041009"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjorl.2015.08.024"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00276-012-1023-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","unstructured":"CruveilhierJ.1867. Trait\u00e9 d'anatomie descriptive. Paris: P Asselin. pp.544\u2013548."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","first-page":"523","article-title":"Donn\u00e9s anatomiques concernant la morphologie et certains rapports du facial intra\u2010parotidien","volume":"37","author":"Dargent M","year":"1946","journal-title":"La Presse M\u00e9dicale"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","first-page":"385","article-title":"Surgical anatomy of the facial nerve and parotid gland based upon a study of 350 cervicofacial halves","volume":"102","author":"Davis RA","year":"1956","journal-title":"Surg Gynecol Obstet"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00276-014-1386-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hed.24514"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-196203000-00005"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10006-015-0543-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-199705000-00003"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","unstructured":"HovelacqueA.1927. Anatomie des nerfs craniens et rachidiens et du syst\u00e8me grand sympathique chez l'homme. Paris: G. Doin et Cie. pp. 183\u2013191."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1010-5182(05)80533-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.1987.01860090057019"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.4660.989"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2010.25.8.1228"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2535\/ofaj1936.70.6_295"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00276-004-0259-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000003601"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.prs.0000174001.95115.9e"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001665-199701000-00005"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_27_1","unstructured":"Luschka H.1862. Die Anatomie des Menschen. Vol 1 Abth. 1 183\u20105; Vol 3 Abth. 2 311\u20105 and 384\u20105. Tubingen: H. Laupp'schen."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_28_1","first-page":"620","article-title":"The surgical anatomy of the facial nerve; with special reference to the parotid gland","volume":"80","author":"McCormack LJ","year":"1945","journal-title":"Surg Gynecol Obstet"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_29_1","first-page":"114","article-title":"The clinical significance of the branching pattern of the facial nerve in Malaysian subjects","volume":"47","author":"Myint K","year":"1992","journal-title":"Med J Malaysia"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-197910000-00006"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3349\/ymj.1977.18.1.45"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-196610000-00010"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_33_1","unstructured":"Pons\u2010Tortella E.1947. 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