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The CSN originates from the glossopharyngeal nerve soon after its appearance from the jugular foramen. It shows frequent communications with the sympathetic trunk (usually at the level of the superior cervical ganglion) and the vagal nerve (main trunk, pharyngeal branches, or superior laryngeal nerve). It courses on the anterior aspect of the internal carotid artery to reach the carotid sinus, CB, and\/or intercarotid plexus. In the carotid sinus, type I (dynamic) carotid baroreceptors have larger myelinated A\u2010fibers; type II (tonic) baroreceptors show smaller A\u2010 and unmyelinated C\u2010fibers. In the CB, afferent fibers are mainly stimulated by acetylcholine and ATP, released by type I cells. The neurons are located in the petrosal ganglion, and centripetal fibers project on to the solitary tract nucleus: chemosensory inputs to the commissural subnucleus, and baroreceptor inputs to the commissural, medial, dorsomedial, and dorsolateral subnuclei. The baroreceptor component of the CSN elicits sympatho\u2010inhibition and the chemoreceptor component stimulates sympatho\u2010activation. Thus, in refractory hypertension and heart failure (characterized by increased sympathetic activity), baroreceptor electrical stimulation, and CB removal have been proposed. Instead, denervation of the carotid sinus has been proposed for the \u201ccarotid sinus syndrome.\u201d Anat Rec, 302:575\u2013587, 2019. \u00a9 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.23829","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,16]],"date-time":"2018-04-16T20:56:10Z","timestamp":1523912170000},"page":"575-587","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":63,"title":["The Carotid Sinus Nerve\u2014Structure, Function, and Clinical Implications"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"302","author":[{"given":"Andrea","family":"Porzionato","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Human Anatomy University of Padova Padova Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Veronica","family":"Macchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Human Anatomy University of Padova Padova Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carla","family":"Stecco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Human Anatomy University of Padova Padova Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8991-7610","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raffaele","family":"De Caro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Human Anatomy University of Padova Padova Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2015.02.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","volume-title":"The Comparative Morphology of the Carotid Body and Carotid Sinus","author":"Adams WE.","year":"1958"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.114.04354"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02134626"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jash.2012.01.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1983.sp014871"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jash.2016.04.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2011.06.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1026567603514"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","first-page":"386","article-title":"Observations on the human carotid sinus and its nerve supply","volume":"84","author":"Boyd JD.","year":"1937","journal-title":"Anat Anz"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.19-06-02131.1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","first-page":"225","article-title":"Die Nerven der schilddruese und der epithelkoerperchen","volume":"56","author":"Braeucker W.","year":"1922","journal-title":"Anat Anz"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-8703(92)90507-R"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0361-9230(87)90018-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","first-page":"161","article-title":"Recherches sur les nerfs du sinus carotidien et sur leurs variations","volume":"27","author":"Cordier P","year":"1932","journal-title":"Compt Rendus Assoc Anat"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00350.2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02625761"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(97)00245-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2012.06.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","first-page":"365","article-title":"Sur la structure et l'innervation de la glande intercarotidienne (glomus caroticum) de l'homme et des mammif\u00e8res, et sur un nouveau syst\u00e8me d'innervation autonome du nerf glosopharyngien","volume":"24","author":"Castro F.","year":"1926","journal-title":"Trav Lab Rech Biol Univ Madrid"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","first-page":"331","article-title":"Sur la structure et l'innervation du sinus carotidien de l'homme et des mammiferes: Nouveaux faits sur l'innervation du glomus caroticum","volume":"25","author":"Castro F.","year":"1928","journal-title":"Trav Lab Rech Biol Univ Madrid"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","first-page":"297","article-title":"Nuevas observaciones sobre la inervacion de le region carotidea. 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