{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]],"date-time":"2025-10-28T10:49:18Z","timestamp":1761648558720,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,2]],"date-time":"2018-05-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1525219200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["anatomypubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Anatomical Record"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>The mammalian middle ear represents one of the most fundamental features defining this class of vertebrates. However, the origin and the developmental process of the incus in the human remains controversial. The present study seeks to demonstrate all the steps of development and integration of the incus within the middle ear. We examined histological sections of 55 human embryos and fetuses at 6 to 13 weeks of development. At 6 weeks of development (16 Carnegie Stage), the incus anlage was found at the cranial end of the first pharyngeal arch. At this stage, each of the three anlagen of the ossicles in the middle ear were independent in different locations. At Carnegie Stage 17 a homogeneous interzone clearly defined the incus and malleus anlagen. The cranial end of the incus was located very close to the otic capsule. At 7 and 8 weeks was characterized by the short limb of the incus connecting with the otic capsule. At 9 weeks was characterized by an initial disconnection of the incus from the otic capsule. At 13 weeks, a cavity appeared between the otic capsule and incus. Our results provide significant evidence that the human incus developed from the first pharyngeal arch but independently from Meckel's cartilage. Also, during development, the incus was connected with the otic capsule, and then it was detached definitively. The development of the incus in humans provides evidence that this ossicle is homologous to the quadrate. Anat Rec, 2018. \u00a9 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.23832","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,18]],"date-time":"2018-04-18T15:39:34Z","timestamp":1524065974000},"page":"1405-1415","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Development of the Human Incus With Special Reference to the Detachment From the Chondrocranium to be Transferred into the Middle Ear"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"301","author":[{"given":"Jose Francisco","family":"Rodr\u00edguez\u2010V\u00e1zquez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Human Embryology, Institute of Embryology, Faculty of Medicine Complutense University Madrid Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9683-6678","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Masahito","family":"Yamamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy Tokyo Dental College Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shinichi","family":"Abe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy Tokyo Dental College Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yukio","family":"Katori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology Tohoku University School of Medicine Sendai Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gen","family":"Murakami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Internal Medicine Iwamizawa Asuka Hospital Iwamizawa Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,2]]},"reference":[{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.1051470404"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4612-2784-7_37"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-213X-7-134"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","DOI":"10.1002\/dvdy.20666"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","first-page":"427","article-title":"Early embryology of the auditory ossicles and associated structures in relation to certain anomalies observed clinically","volume":"69","author":"Anson BJ","year":"1960","journal-title":"Ann Otol"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7580.2012.01526.x"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","DOI":"10.1002\/bdrc.10015"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022215100107947"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02281071"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.12520"},{"unstructured":"CorlissCE.1979. Embriolog\u00eda humana de Patten. Fundamentos del desarrollo cl\u00ednico. Buenos Aires: El Ateneo.","key":"e_1_2_6_12_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","first-page":"76","article-title":"Congenital ossicular abnormalities: A review of 68 cases","volume":"9","author":"Cousins VC","year":"1988","journal-title":"Am J Otol"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.99.3.383"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","first-page":"192","article-title":"Evolution of the mammalian masticatory apparatus","volume":"66","author":"Crompton AW","year":"1978","journal-title":"Am Sci"},{"unstructured":"GauppE.1899. Ontogenese und Phylogenese des schall\u2010leitenden Apparates bei den Wirbeltieren. Erg Anat Entwicklungsgesch8:990\u20131149.","key":"e_1_2_6_16_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","first-page":"609","article-title":"Beitr\u00e4ge zur Kennnis des Unterkiefers der Wirbeltiere. III. Das Problem der Entstehung eines \u201csekund\u00e4ren\u201d Kiefergelenks bei den S\u00e4ugern","volume":"39","author":"Gaupp E.","year":"1911","journal-title":"Anat Anz"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Die Reichertsche Theorie (Hammer\u2010, Ambossund\u2010 und Kieferfrage)","volume":"1912","author":"Gaupp E.","year":"1913","journal-title":"Arch Anatom Entwickelungsgeschichte"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(93)90619-2"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","DOI":"10.5962\/bhl.title.82144"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.1050240102"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","DOI":"10.1515\/9783110848281"},{"volume-title":"Embriolog\u00eda humana","year":"1975","author":"Hamilton WI","key":"e_1_2_6_23_1"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_6_24_1","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.1962.00740050208004"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_6_25_1","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/6.3.437"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_6_26_1","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.1963.00750020345016"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_27_1","first-page":"126","article-title":"The development of the mouth opening and related reflexes involving the oral area of human fetus","volume":"5","author":"Humphrey T.","year":"1968","journal-title":"Ala J Med Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_28_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Die Entwicklung und Morphologie des Sch\u00e4dels von Tachyglossus aculeatus","volume":"528","author":"Kuhn HJ.","year":"1971","journal-title":"Abh Senckenberg Naturforsch Ges"},{"unstructured":"LarsenJW.2003. Embriolog\u00eda Humana. Madrid: Elsevier Espa\u00f1a S.A.","key":"e_1_2_6_29_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_30_1","first-page":"29","article-title":"D\u00e9veloppement des osselets de l'ou\u00efe chez l'embryon humain: corr\u00e9lation avec les donn\u00e9es recueillies chez la souris","volume":"77","author":"Louryan S.","year":"1993","journal-title":"Bull Assoc Anat"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_31_1","first-page":"98","volume-title":"In the shadow of the dinosaurs\u2014Early mesozoic tetrapods","author":"Luo ZX.","year":"1994"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_6_32_1","DOI":"10.1080\/02724634.1994.10011564"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_33_1","first-page":"123","article-title":"Der Processus angularis bei Monodelphis domestica (Didelphidae; Marsupialia) und seine Beziehungen zum Mittelohr: Eine ontogenetische und evolutionsmorphologische Untersuchung. Gegenbaurs Morphologisches Jahrbuch","volume":"133","author":"Maier W.","year":"1987","journal-title":"Leipzig"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_6_34_1","DOI":"10.1163\/156854289X00183"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_6_35_1","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.12379"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_6_36_1","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09921"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_6_37_1","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0185(19990501)255:1<20::AID-AR4>3.0.CO;2-N"},{"unstructured":"MooreKL PersaudTVN.1999. Embriolog\u00eda cl\u00ednica. 6th ed. M\u00e9xico D.F.: McGraw\u2010Hill Interamericana.","key":"e_1_2_6_38_1"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_6_39_1","DOI":"10.1016\/0012-1606(83)90318-4"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_6_40_1","DOI":"10.1288\/00005537-198804000-00006"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_6_41_1","DOI":"10.1002\/dvdy.20402"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_6_42_1","DOI":"10.1159\/000289817"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_6_43_1","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.23457"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_6_44_1","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.9.20.2523"},{"unstructured":"ReichertC.1837. Ueber die Visceralbogen der Wirbelthiere im Allgemeinen und deren Metamorphosen bei den V\u00f6geln und S\u00e4ugethieren. Archiv f\u00fcr Anatomie Physiologie und Wissenschaftliche Medicin1837:120\u2013222.","key":"e_1_2_6_45_1"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_6_46_1","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(93)90620-6"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_6_47_1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7580.2005.00441.x"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_6_48_1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7580.2009.01105.x"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_6_49_1","DOI":"10.1159\/000147188"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_6_50_1","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.1092330312"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_6_51_1","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345930720010901"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_6_52_1","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0185(199710)249:2<249::AID-AR12>3.0.CO;2-O"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_6_53_1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7580.2011.01378.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1080\/02724634.1988.10011708","article-title":"Definition, diagnosis and origin of Mammalia","volume":"8","author":"Rowe T.","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Vert Paleo"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_6_55_1","DOI":"10.1126\/science.273.5275.651"},{"volume-title":"Langman Embriolog\u00eda M\u00e9dica. Con Orientaci\u00f3n Cl\u00ednica","year":"2004","author":"Sadler TW.","key":"e_1_2_6_56_1"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_6_57_1","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.1085"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_6_58_1","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.1962.00740050106003"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_6_59_1","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.b.21347"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_6_60_1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0385-8146(96)80002-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_61_1","first-page":"565","article-title":"Bau und Entwickelung der Geh\u00f6rkn\u00f6chelchen","volume":"25","author":"Klaauw CJ.","year":"1924","journal-title":"Erg Anat Entwicklungsgesch"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_6_62_1","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1063830"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_6_63_1","DOI":"10.1038\/154770b0"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_6_64_1","DOI":"10.1038\/155114a0"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_6_65_1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0264.2008.00888.x"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_6_66_1","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.281053"}],"container-title":["The Anatomical Record"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Far.23832","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/anatomypubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ar.23832","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T19:02:37Z","timestamp":1759950157000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/anatomypubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ar.23832"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,2]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/ar.23832"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ar.23832","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-8486","1932-8494"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1932-8486"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1932-8494"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2017-08-04","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2017-11-08","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2018-05-02","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}