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This work provides a comprehensive simulation for virtual implantation through the combination of callus simulation and finite\u2010element structural synthesis (FESS) of (re\u2010)modeling during and after healing based on Pauwel's theory of histogenesis and Wolff's law. The simulation is based on a linear elastic material model and includes generation of fracture hematoma and initial mesenchymal stem cell concentration out of an unspecified solid, cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation due to mechanical stimuli and time\u2010dependent axial loading. Three nondisplaced femoral shaft fractures with initial interfragmentary movement of 0.2, 0.6, and 1 mm and one fracture with 4 mm translation are modeled. The predictions of interfragmentary movement during fracture healing, healing success, and healing time agree with observed clinical outcome, animal models, and other numerical models. Initial interfragmentary movement between 0.2 and 1 mm leads to healing success, with the fastest healing occurring at 0.2 mm. The model of the dislocated fractures shows no further bending after remodeling and is loaded with physiological stress of \u221213 MPa. Ideal load\u2013time graphs may give insight into the bone's ability to withstand loads as healing time progresses, and thus holds potential for applications in rehabilitation planning. Better knowledge of the forces present during fracture healing is needed to deploy simulations for surgical planning and manufacturing of patient individualized implants. Anat Rec, 301:2112\u20132121, 2018. \u00a9 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.23893","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,6]],"date-time":"2018-10-06T06:14:03Z","timestamp":1538806443000},"page":"2112-2121","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Finite\u2010Element Syntheses of Callus and Bone Remodeling: Biomechanical Study of Fracture Healing in Long Bones"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"301","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4428-4848","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreas","family":"Lipphaus","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Group of Biomechanics, Chair of Product Development, Department of Mechanical Engineering Ruhr\u2010University Bochum  Universit\u00e4tstr. 150, Bochum DE 44801 Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ulrich","family":"Witzel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Group of Biomechanics, Chair of Product Development, Department of Mechanical Engineering Ruhr\u2010University Bochum  Universit\u00e4tstr. 150, Bochum DE 44801 Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-6009(91)90039-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7580.2011.01407.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9290(00)00049-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.1100080507"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3111\/13696998.2012.737391"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.22396"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0040737"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-199810001-00006"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms5855"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A2485"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.1100150414"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9290(98)00153-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00113-016-0280-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10255842.2011.560843"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchb.2009.07.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","first-page":"169","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem cell responses to mechanical stimuli","volume":"2","author":"Delaine\u2010Smith RM","year":"2012","journal-title":"Muscles Ligaments Tendons J"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.2006.056622"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2008.06.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-198703000-00043"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02556327"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.a.10119"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.20230"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/wsbm.1356"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3928\/01477447-20100826-20"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-008-9629-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.820160615"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(87)90030-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_29_1","volume-title":"Orthopedic traumatology \u2010 a resident's guide","author":"Ip D","year":"2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.20725"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtbi.2008.01.030"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.20118"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mechrescom.2011.11.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9290(98)00114-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2015.06.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_36_1","first-page":"21","article-title":"Primary bone healing","volume":"6","author":"Kaderly RE","year":"1991","journal-title":"Semin Vet Med Surg (Small Anim)"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/b14263-20"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780290809"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.12404"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_40_1","unstructured":"KuiperJH RichardsonJB AshtonBA.2000. 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