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In particular, ONs convey visual information from the retina to the brain. In mammals, the ONs are bilateral structures that extend from the optic disc to the optic chiasm containing glial cells and retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) axons. RGCs are the only retinal neurons able to collect visual information and transmit it to the visual centers in the brain for its processing and integration with the rest of sensory inputs. During embryonic development, RGCs born in the retina extend their axons to exit the eye and follow a stereotypic path outlined by the transient expression of a wide set of guidance molecules. As the rest of central nervous system structures, the ONs are covered with myelin produced by oligodendrocytes and wrapped by the meninges. ON injuries or RGCs degenerative conditions may provoke partial or complete blindness because they are incapable of spontaneous regeneration. Here, we first review major advances on the current knowledge about the mechanisms underlying the formation of the ONs in mammals. Then, we discuss some of the human disorders and pathologies affecting the development and function of the ONs and finally we comment on the existing view about ON regeneration possibilities. Anat Rec, 302:428\u2013445, 2019. \u00a9 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.23922","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,11]],"date-time":"2018-10-11T01:00:11Z","timestamp":1539219611000},"page":"428-445","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Cranial Pair II: The Optic Nerves"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"302","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9525-5441","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elo\u00edsa","family":"Herrera","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas\u2010Universidad Miguel Hern\u00e1ndez, CSIC\u2010UMH)  Av. Santiago Ram\u00f3n y Cajal, s\/n., 03550 Sant Joan d'Alacant Alicante Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Agudo\u2010Barriuso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Oftalmolog\u00eda, Facultad de Medicina Universidad de Murcia, Instituto Murciano de Investigaci\u00f3n Biosanitaria\u2010Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB\u2010Arrixaca)  Murcia Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ver\u00f3nica","family":"Murcia\u2010Belmonte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas\u2010Universidad Miguel Hern\u00e1ndez, CSIC\u2010UMH)  Av. 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