{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T14:00:22Z","timestamp":1768485622833,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,13]],"date-time":"2018-11-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1542067200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008246","name":"Tufts University School of Medicine","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008246","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008891","name":"Loma Linda University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008891","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["anatomypubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Anatomical Record"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>The autonomic brainstem generates breathing rhythm by integrating inputs from chemosensors and mechanosensors in the viscera and coordinating descending outputs from higher structures in the central nervous system. Hypoglossal motoneurons (XII MNs) receive inputs from respiratory premotor neurons, important for maintaining airway patency. Previous studies in rodents report significant changes in breathing control during the first 3 weeks of life, with a <jats:italic>sensitive period<\/jats:italic> at 10 to 13 days postbirth (P10\u2013P13) characterized by pronounced changes in neurotransmitters, excitation\u2010inhibition balance, and breathing physiology. However, age\u2010dependent morphological changes of XII MNs during the first 3 weeks postbirth and especially this sensitive period are under\u2010studied. Here, we comprehensively characterize and quantify the early morphological changes in rat XII MNs. We hypothesized that morphological changes in XII MNs correspond to the functionally defined sensitive period observed at postnatal day 10\u201313 (P10\u2013P13). To test this hypothesis, we used an innovative contemporary statistical approach to analyze Golgi\u2010Cox stained XII MNs at nine postnatal ages between P1 and P21. Our findings reveal two subpopulations of XII MNs, which are dependent on age and morphological features. Soma size increased approximately 40% from P1 to P21, without changing shape. However, dendritic arborization increased in extent\/distance and complexity. Dendritic branching of developing neurons significantly increased from P1 through P13, with the greatest increase at P10\u2013P13 based on the Sholl method. Our detailed characterization of XII MN morphological development establishes a foundation for the study and elucidation of morphological changes caused by maternal and perinatal conditions. Anat Rec, 302:869\u2013892, 2019. \u00a9 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.23971","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,12]],"date-time":"2018-10-12T12:59:27Z","timestamp":1539349167000},"page":"869-892","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Changes in the Morphology of Hypoglossal Motor Neurons in the Brainstem of Developing Rats"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"302","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8824-2909","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul Allen","family":"Williams","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Physiology, Basic Science Department Loma Linda University School of Medicine  California Loma Linda"},{"name":"Lawrence D. Longo MD Center for Perinatal Biology Loma Linda University School of Medicine  Loma Linda California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Denise L.","family":"Bellinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Physiology, Basic Science Department Loma Linda University School of Medicine  California Loma Linda"},{"name":"Department of Pathology and Human Anatomy Loma Linda University School of Medicine  Loma Linda California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christopher G.","family":"Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Physiology, Basic Science Department Loma Linda University School of Medicine  California Loma Linda"},{"name":"Lawrence D. Longo MD Center for Perinatal Biology Loma Linda University School of Medicine  Loma Linda California"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics Loma Linda University School of Medicine  Loma Linda California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00236233"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2014.11.027"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.903140409"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresrev.2005.02.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/019459988108900103"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.6474175"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-62703-444-9_29"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"fitdistrplus: an R package for fitting distributions","volume":"1","author":"Delignette\u2010Muller ML","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Stat Softw"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1992.73.4.1461"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2015.10.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.4048944"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2007.06.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/096228029600500202"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn1871"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-physiol-040510-130049"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3495-12.2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.3125"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2560\/8\/6\/065011"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1576-15.2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","first-page":"32","volume-title":"Statistical distributions","author":"Forbes C","year":"2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9861(19990315)405:3<345::AID-CNE5>3.0.CO;2-B"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1986.sp015956"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2009.12.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5812\/ijem.3505"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0270(97)00163-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2906-12.2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/157339610791317214"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1214\/aos\/1176346577"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-015-1130-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/3423267"},{"issue":"161","key":"e_1_2_6_32_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Atlas of the postnatal rat brain in stereotaxic coordinates","volume":"9","author":"Khazipov R","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Neuroanat"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dev.20367"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3553-07.2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.01235.2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vcp.12390"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.2040-4603.2012.tb00445.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.90949.2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2006.121970"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00638.2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2006.05.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00977.2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.2001.90.2.685"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.21418"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.21417"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v016.i04"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00940.2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0185(19990201)254:2<222::AID-AR8>3.0.CO;2-B"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_49_1","first-page":"1533","article-title":"Breathing pattern in newborns. 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