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Delicate maxilloturbinal bones inside the nasal fossa of horseshoe bats have a unique elongated strand\u2010like shape unknown in other mammals. Maxilloturbinal strands also vary considerably in length and cross\u2010sectional shape. In other mammals, maxilloturbinals help direct respired air and prevent respiratory heat and water loss. We investigated whether strand\u2010shaped maxilloturbinals in horseshoe bats perform a similar function to those of other mammals, or whether they were shaped for a role in nasophonation. Using histology, we studied the mucosa of the nasal fossa in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"><jats:italic>Rhinolophus lepidus<\/jats:italic><\/jats:styled-content>, which we compared with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"><jats:italic>Hipposideros lankadiva<\/jats:italic><\/jats:styled-content> (Hipposideridae) and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"><jats:italic>Megaderma lyra<\/jats:italic><\/jats:styled-content> (Megadermatidae). Using micro\u2010CT scans of 30 horseshoe bat species, we quantified maxilloturbinal surface area and skull shape within a phylogenetic context. Histological results showed horseshoe bat maxilloturbinals are covered in a thin, poorly vascularized, sparsely ciliated mucosa poorly suited for preventing respiratory heat and water loss. Maxilloturbinal surface area was correlated with basicranial width, but exceptionally long and dorsoventrally flat maxilloturbinals did not show enhanced surface area for heat and moisture exchange. Skull shape variation appears to be driven by structures linked to nasophonation, including maxilloturbinals. Resting echolocation call frequency better predicted skull shape than did skull size, and was specifically correlated with dimensions of the rostral inflations, palate, and maxilloturbinals. These traits appear to form a morphological complex, indicating a nasophonatory role for the strand\u2010shaped rhinolophid maxilloturbinals. Anat Rec, 2018. \u00a9 2018 American Association for Anatomy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.23999","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,26]],"date-time":"2018-10-26T15:04:51Z","timestamp":1540566291000},"page":"110-128","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Maxilloturbinal Aids in Nasophonation in Horseshoe Bats (Chiroptera: Rhinolophidae)"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"303","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9774-2814","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abigail A.","family":"Curtis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture University of Washington  Seattle, Washington"},{"name":"Department of Mammalogy American Museum of Natural History  New York New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6883-8964","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Timothy D.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy Slippery Rock University  Slippery Rock Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kunwar P.","family":"Bhatnagar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology University of Louisville  Louisville Kentucky"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexis M.","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mammalogy American Museum of Natural History  New York New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nancy B.","family":"Simmons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mammalogy American Museum of Natural History  New York New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","first-page":"135","article-title":"On a revision of the ethmoid bone in the Mammalia, with special reference to the description of this bone and of the sense of smelling in the Cheiroptera","volume":"10","author":"Allen H","year":"1882","journal-title":"Bull Mus Comp Zool"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1381314"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00297716"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s003600000121"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01101107"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aja.1001390203"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000144389"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","unstructured":"BivandR Lewin\u2010KohN.2017. maptools: Tools for reading and handling spatial objects. 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