{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T18:53:55Z","timestamp":1785524035190,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,3]],"date-time":"2018-12-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1543795200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"Western University of Health Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, from Office of the Associate Dean for Research, Focused grant program","award":["12594V-1398"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12594V-1398"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["anatomypubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Anatomical Record"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>The most conspicuous aural adaptation in northern elephant seals (NES) is complete absence of an auricle and a tortuous collapsed external acoustic meatus. The NES epitympanic recess contains massive ossicles immersed in the middle ear cavernous sinuses. Engorgement of the cavernous sinuses would make ossicles fully buoyant during deep diving. NES have a comparatively larger cochlear nerve, which carries a significantly larger number of axons than in terrestrial mammals, which would give them auditory ability similar to the obligate marine mammals such as cetaceans. Our calculations show that the traditional \u201cair\u2010dependent\u201d impedance matching mechanism in NES functions to just half of the capacity compared with the one described in terrestrial mammals. Impedance matching would be further hindered in NES while diving due to fully collapsed external acoustic meatus. Thanks to similarities of acoustic impedance between the sea water, soft tissues, and blood sinuses, very little sound energy would be reflected and lost. When sound is generated underwater, the large ossicles, buoyant in the cavernous sinus, would not move due to oscillation of tympanic membrane. Rather, they would be oscillating due to their inertia and process of acoustic streaming. Our mathematical simulation shows that an increase in sound frequency would cause increased displacement of the stapedial footplate and thus transmit the sound energy to the inner ear. We contend that during diving, impedance matching and sound signal amplification in the middle ear courses through the cavernous sinuses and oscillates the enlarged ossicles, thus enabling a high\u2010frequency ultrasonic hearing range in Phocidae. Anat Rec, 302:1605\u20131614, 2019. \u00a9 2018 American Association for Anatomy<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.24026","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,12]],"date-time":"2018-11-12T06:24:40Z","timestamp":1542003880000},"page":"1605-1614","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["A Novel Understanding of Phocidae Hearing Adaptations Through a Study of Northern Elephant Seal (<i>Mirounga angustirostris<\/i>) Ear Anatomy and Histology"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"302","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3547-8659","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hrvoje","family":"Smodlaka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Western University of Health Sciences  Pomona California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8971-0142","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wael A.","family":"Khamas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Western University of Health Sciences  Pomona California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hali","family":"Jungers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Western University of Health Sciences  Pomona California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roman","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Western University of Health Sciences  Pomona California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammed","family":"Al\u2010Tikriti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences  Pomona California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Josip A.","family":"Borovac","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, University of Split  Split Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lauren","family":"Palmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine Mammal Care Center Los Angeles  San Pedro California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martina","family":"Bukac","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied and Computational Mathematics and Statistics University of Notre Dame  Notre Dame Indiana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(84)81417-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2016.11.040"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2015.10.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-1326.2004.00410.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10915-017-0363-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4965899"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.2372712"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplegacy.1939.127.1.131"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.421367"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/z99-151"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","first-page":"391","volume-title":"Sensory Systems of Aquatic Mammals","author":"Ketten DR","year":"1995"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00348-006-0224-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2241","DOI":"10.1121\/1.3249208","article-title":"Visualizing unsteady fluid flows inside the fish ear","volume":"126","author":"Kotas CW","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Acoust Soci Am"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2845-09.2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MarshSE.2001. 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