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In a neonatal animal model of hypoxic\u2013ischemic brain injury that is relevant to cerebral palsy, long\u2010term functional deficits on the staircase test and long\u2010term anatomical deficits in the absolute number of medium\u2010spiny projection neurons in the caudate\u2010putamen were reported in different animals due to logistical constraints. Here, we investigated if these functional and anatomical measures were correlated when measured in the same animals. The medium\u2010spiny projection neurons were investigated because (1) they comprise the vast majority (&gt;97%) of all neurons in the caudate\u2010putamen and (2) motor deficits observed during staircase testing are likely to involve these striatal medium\u2010spiny projection neurons through their connections. We found that long\u2010term skilled forepaw capability on the staircase test was correlated with the absolute number of DARPP\u201032\u2010positive medium\u2010spiny projection neurons in the caudate\u2010putamen. Specifically, deficits in skilled forepaw ability for the number of sugar pellets eaten and retrieved, and for the maximum staircase level reached, were significantly correlated with a lower absolute neuronal number. We also found that skilled forepaw ability on the staircase test was not correlated with the neuronal density (i.e., number per unit volume) of DARPP\u201032\u2010positive medium\u2010spiny projection neurons. Since neuronal density is an indirect measure of neuronal survival that is used in the literature, and absolute neuronal number is a direct measure, the results also highlight the scientific value of measuring absolute neuronal number. Anat Rec, 302:2040\u20132048, 2019. \u00a9 2019 American Association for Anatomy<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.24196","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,9]],"date-time":"2019-06-09T02:43:33Z","timestamp":1560048213000},"page":"2040-2048","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Long\u2010Term Fine Motor Capability on the Staircase Test Correlates with the Absolute Number, but Not the Density, of DARPP\u2010Positive Neurons in the Caudate\u2010Putamen"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"302","author":[{"given":"Benjamin E.","family":"Aghoghovwia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, School of Biomedical Sciences, and the Brain Health Research Centre University of Otago  Dunedin New Zealand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Liping","family":"Goddard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, School of 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