{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T07:10:27Z","timestamp":1776928227438,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,21]],"date-time":"2019-11-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1574294400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["anatomypubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Anatomical Record"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>More than a thousand specimens of <jats:italic>Confuciusornis sanctus<\/jats:italic> have been recovered from the Early Cretaceous Jehol Group of Northeastern China. Here, we investigate the bone microstructure of 33 long bones sampled from 14 <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>sanctus<\/jats:italic> specimens in an attempt to assess the life history patterns of this basal pygostylian bird. Analysis of the histology of various skeletal elements (femur, humerus, tibia, radius, and ulna) revealed differences in the histology of their bone walls. Based on the osteohistology, we coded the examined specimens into five histology age classes. We found that histological age was not strictly correlated with body size. The variability in the histology of multiple bones from single skeletons suggests differences in the growth rate of the skeleton in response to allometry, functional demands, and pathology. We show that although fibrolamellar bone is widespread across birds, the extent and duration of this rapid phase of bone deposition is highly variable. Comparisons among Mesozoic birds confirm that early ontogenetic growth was rapid, but that later post\u2010hatching growth was strongly influenced by the ontogenetic age of the individual, body size, and local environment, as well as taxonomy. Our findings indicate that <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>sanctus<\/jats:italic> experienced rapid growth from early ontogeny until almost fully grown, and thereafter transitioned to slow, episodic growth (for at least 3\u20134\u2009years) to reach skeletal maturity. Anat Rec, 303:949\u2013962, 2020. \u00a9 2019 American Association for Anatomy<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.24282","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,21]],"date-time":"2019-11-21T08:56:42Z","timestamp":1574326602000},"page":"949-962","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Osteohistology and Life History of the Basal Pygostylian, <i>Confuciusornis sanctus<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"303","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9786-5080","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anusuya","family":"Chinsamy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences University of Cape Town  Cape Town South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jes\u00fas","family":"Marug\u00e1n\u2010Lob\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Paleontolog\u00eda Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Madrid  Madrid Spain"},{"name":"Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County  Los Angeles California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francisco J.","family":"Serrano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County  Los Angeles California"},{"name":"Spanish Royal Academy of Sciences  Madrid Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9661-0601","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis","family":"Chiappe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County  Los Angeles California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1011369108"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","first-page":"315","article-title":"La structure du tissu osseux envisag\u00e9e comme expression de diff\u00e9rences dans la vitesse de l'accroissement","volume":"558","author":"Amprino R","year":"1947","journal-title":"Arch Biol"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08912963.2018.1493475"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-08536-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsp.2009.10.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cretres.2009.09.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2009.0310"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/sysbio\/sys047"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crpv.2005.12.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crpv.2005.10.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","first-page":"245","article-title":"Bone and Individual Aging. 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