{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]],"date-time":"2026-03-16T20:29:48Z","timestamp":1773692988879,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,12]],"date-time":"2019-11-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1573516800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008287","name":"Science and Technology Directorate","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CA 01\u2010G\u2010022 to EEM"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CA 01\u2010G\u2010022 to EEM"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008287","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["anatomypubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Anatomical Record"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Canine \u03b2\u2010defensin 103 (cBD103) and its common variant cBD103\u0394G23 are multitasking polypeptides. As a \u03b2\u2010defensin, cBD103 is one of many antimicrobial agents used by the innate immunity to thwart pathogenic colonization. In this study, we showed that cBD103 was expressed throughout the nasal cavity, with primary expression in the nares as well as respiratory and olfactory epithelia. In the rostral nasal concha, cBD103 was expressed in the epithelium, and to a lesser degree in the lamina propria, but was absent in goblet cells. In the main olfactory epithelium, virtually all cells in the epithelial layer and select cells associated with Bowman's glands expressed cBD103. We also showed that the \u0394G23 mutation did not appreciably alter the antimicrobial activity of the peptide against several species of microorganisms tested in nutrient\u2010rich or minimal media or minimal media with salt added. Moreover, we showed antimicrobial activity in minimal media did not necessarily predict the inhibitory action of the peptide in nutrient\u2010rich media. Both forms of cBD103 caused ultrastructural changes (membrane blebbing, condensation of intracellular contents and cell wall lysis) in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"><jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic><\/jats:styled-content> and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"><jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic><\/jats:styled-content>. As a ligand of the melanocortin receptors, we showed that cBD103\u0394G23 increased ERK1\/2 activation and cAMP accumulation when bound to the human or canine melanocortin\u20104 receptor, acting as a weak allosteric agonist.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.24300","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,12]],"date-time":"2019-11-12T08:26:36Z","timestamp":1573547196000},"page":"210-221","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Exploring Pleiotropic Functions of Canine \u03b2\u2010Defensin 103: Nasal Cavity Expression, Antimicrobial Activity, and Melanocortin Receptor Activity"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"304","author":[{"given":"Shelly","family":"Aono","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University  Auburn Alabama"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2629-7554","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John C.","family":"Dennis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University  Auburn Alabama"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shan","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University  Auburn Alabama"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University  Auburn Alabama"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ya\u2010Xiong","family":"Tao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University  Auburn Alabama"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Edward E.","family":"Morrison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University  Auburn Alabama"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","volume-title":"U.S. Pet Ownership and Demographics Sourcebook","author":"AVMA","year":"2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jsbi.1993.1020"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-148X.2012.00990.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1147880"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","volume-title":"Development of in vitro susceptibility testing criteria and quality control parameters for veterinary antimicrobial agents: approved guideline","author":"CLSI","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","volume-title":"Performance standards for antimicrobial disk and dilution susceptibility testing for bacteria isolated from animals","author":"CLSI","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2009.10.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3164.2010.00893.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s004410100433"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.2001.00305.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M008557200"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0022-202X.2004.23234.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.10359"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","first-page":"S49","article-title":"Antimicrobial peptides in nasal secretion and mucosa with respect to \n                     S. aureus\n                   colonisation in Wegener's granulomatosis","volume":"29","author":"Hui Y","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Exp Rheumatol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/194495a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jid.5700861"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.4193\/Rhino10.036","article-title":"Differential expression pattern of antimicrobial peptides in nasal mucosa and secretion","volume":"49","author":"Laudien M","year":"2011","journal-title":"Rhinology"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.42.1.10-14.1983"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000334566"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.47.10.3349-3351.2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/JME-12-0162"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamem.2015.04.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chembiol.2013.04.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jis735"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.108.5.1687"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physiolgenomics.00104.2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3164.2010.00911.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vde.12091"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2008.01.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00688-09"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.490420515"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.174.8.4870"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2012.135"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2009-0037"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-381298-8.00014-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2003-0524"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2009.05.028"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1100\/2012\/905785"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-2094-10-127"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/c1np00022e"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3164.2008.00707.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.domaniend.2011.05.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acschemneuro.8b00347"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00078-10"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07435808909039093"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-4731(87)90184-1"}],"container-title":["The Anatomical Record"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Far.24300","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ar.24300","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/ar.24300","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/anatomypubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ar.24300","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T13:52:32Z","timestamp":1759931552000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/anatomypubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ar.24300"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,12]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/ar.24300"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ar.24300","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-8486","1932-8494"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-8486","type":"print"},{"value":"1932-8494","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2019-05-22","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2019-09-09","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2019-11-12","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}