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Species of the genera <jats:italic>Bradypodion<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Chamaeleo<\/jats:italic>, as well as <jats:italic>Trioceros goetzei<\/jats:italic>, all possess a single gular pouch (morph one) formed from ventral expansion of soft tissue where the larynx and trachea meet. <jats:italic>Furcifer oustaleti<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Furcifer verrucosus<\/jats:italic> possess from one to four gular pouches (morph two) formed by the expansion of soft tissue between sequential hyaline cartilage rings of the trachea. In <jats:italic>Trioceros melleri<\/jats:italic>, examples of both morphs of the gular pouch were observed. Morphometric data are presented for 100 animals representing eight species previously known to possess a gular pouch and two additional species, <jats:italic>Bradypodion thamnobates<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Bradypodion transvaalense<\/jats:italic>. In the species with the absolutely and relatively largest gular pouch, <jats:italic>Chamaeleo calyptratus<\/jats:italic>, a significant difference was found between sexes in its width and volume, but not its length. In <jats:italic>C. calyptratus<\/jats:italic>, we show that an inflated gular pouch is in contact with numerous hyoid muscles and the tongue. Coupled with the knowledge that <jats:italic>C. calyptratus<\/jats:italic> generates vibrations from the throat region, we posit that the tongue (M. accelerator linguae and M. hyoglossus) and supporting hyoid muscles (i.e., Mm. sternohyoideus profundus et superficialis and Mm. mandibulohyoideus) are involved in the production of vibrations to produce biotremors that are amplified by the inflated gular pouch and used in substrate\u2010borne communication.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.24313","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,4]],"date-time":"2019-11-04T00:36:30Z","timestamp":1572827790000},"page":"2248-2261","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Gular pouch diversity in the Chamaeleonidae"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"303","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8676-5818","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Steve","family":"Huskey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology Western Kentucky University  Bowling Green Kentucky"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Samuel M.","family":"Tegge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology Western Kentucky University  Bowling Green Kentucky"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christopher V.","family":"Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology University of South Dakota  Vermillion South Dakota"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael E.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology Western Kentucky University  Bowling Green Kentucky"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kenneth","family":"Barnett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"9 Merion Avenue  Clifton Park New York"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00297854"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep18625"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0910778107"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.078881"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","first-page":"7","volume-title":"The Biology of chameleons","author":"Anderson C. 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