{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T01:38:25Z","timestamp":1790213905822,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":95,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,28]],"date-time":"2020-05-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1590624000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Deutsche Gesellschaft f\u00fcr S\u00e4ugetierkunde, e. V.","award":["NA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NA"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["anatomypubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Anatomical Record"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>In short snouted (brachycephalic) dogs (<jats:italic>Canis lupus familiaris<\/jats:italic>), several genetic mutations cause postnatal growth inhibition of the viscerocranium. Thus, for example, the pug keeps a snub nose like that observed in neonate dogs in general. However, little is known how far intranasal structures like the turbinal skeleton are also affected. In the present study, we provide the first detailed morphological and morphometric analyses on the turbinal skeleton of pug, Japanese chin, pekingese, King Charles spaniel, and Cavalier. In order to elucidate how a shortened snout affects turbinal shape, size, and density, our sample covers different degrees of brachycephaly. Macerated skulls of 1 juvenile and 17 adult individuals were investigated by \u03bcCT and virtual 3D reconstructions. In addition, histological serial sections of two prenatal and one neonate whippet were taken into account. All investigated postnatal stages show three frontoturbinals and three ethmoturbinals similar to longer snouted breeds, whereas the number of interturbinals is reduced. The shape of the entire turbinal skeleton simplifies with decreasing snout length, that is, within a minimized nasal cavity the turbinals decrease proportionally in surface area and surface density due to a looser arrangement. We interpret these apparent reductions as a result of spatial constraint which affects postnatal appositional bone growth and the position of the turbinals inside the nasal cavity. The turbinal skeleton of brachycephalic dogs arrests at an early ontogenetic stage, corresponding with previous studies on the dermal bones. Hence, we assume an association between the growth of intranasal structures and facial elongation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.24422","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,28]],"date-time":"2020-05-28T03:16:50Z","timestamp":1590635810000},"page":"154-189","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["\u201c<i>Forever young<\/i>\u201d\u2014Postnatal growth inhibition of the turbinal skeleton in brachycephalic dog breeds (<scp><i>Canis lupus familiaris<\/i><\/scp>)"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"304","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6623-6700","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Franziska","family":"Wagner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Abteilung Messelforschung und Mammalogie Senckenberg Forschungsinstitut und Naturmuseum Frankfurt  Frankfurt am Main Germany"},{"name":"Museum f\u00fcr Tierkunde Senckenberg Naturhistorische Sammlungen Dresden  Dresden Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9728-1210","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irina","family":"Ruf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Abteilung Messelforschung und Mammalogie Senckenberg Forschungsinstitut und Naturmuseum Frankfurt  Frankfurt am Main Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/72.2.186"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","volume-title":"Dogs: Their history and development","author":"Ash E. C.","year":"1927"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","volume-title":"Geschichte und Beschreibung der Rassen des Hundes","author":"Beckmann L.","year":"1895"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2148-8-28"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.1000451"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","volume-title":"Encyclopedia of dog breeds","author":"Coile D. C.","year":"2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.092940"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.20592"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2009.0490"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02724634.2017.1269116"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.23025"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022215100048143"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","volume-title":"Systematische und topographische Anatomie des Hundes","author":"Ellenberger W.","year":"1891"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0408118101"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00427-006-0113-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1004016"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","first-page":"161","volume-title":"Wolves. Behavior, ecology, and conservation","author":"Fuller T. K.","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-12582-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.23313"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-5687(81)90113-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0039271"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0305-4403(74)90040-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00335-001-3011-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vsu.12418"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0094837300012197"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1558-5646.1994.tb01308.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","first-page":"102","article-title":"Der Gestaltwandel des Sch\u00e4dels der S\u00e4ugetiere und V\u00f6gel, mit besonderer Ber\u00fccksichtigung der Knickungstypen und der Sch\u00e4delbasis","volume":"50","author":"Hofer H.","year":"1952","journal-title":"Verhandlungen der Anatomischen Gesellschaft"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","unstructured":"HueberJP.2009.Impulsoszillometrische Untersuchung des intranasalen Atmungswiderstandes vor und nach laserassistierter Turbinaktomie zur Therapie des Brachyzephalen Atemnotsyndroms beim Hund. Dissertation Universit\u00e4t Leipzig pp. 1\u2013108."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.93.20.10897"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.a.20121"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Die Entwicklung und Morphologie des Sch\u00e4dels von Tachyglossus aculeatus","volume":"528","author":"Kuhn H.\u2010J.","year":"1971","journal-title":"Abhandlungen der Senckenbergische Naturforschende Gesellschaft"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1439-0264.2000.00244.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.14.1.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0130741"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0181928"},{"issue":"2017","key":"e_1_2_8_37_1","first-page":"910","article-title":"Beurteilung von brachyzephalen Hunderassen hinsichtlich Qualzuchtmerkmale am Beispiel des Mops. Ein Merkblatt zum Erkennen von tierschutzrelevanten Merkmalen","volume":"7","author":"Mackensen H.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dt T\u00c4Bl"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1206\/365.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.23024"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4613-9249-1_12"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1127\/zma\/79\/1992\/279"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.23023"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3503924"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_44_1","volume-title":"Anatomy of the dog","author":"Miller M. E.","year":"1964"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_45_1","volume-title":"Lehrbuch der Anatomie der Haustiere. I Bewegungsapparat","author":"Nickel R.","year":"1961"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40575-015-0023-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vsu.12446"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1622615"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02214686"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0137496"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2017.03.079"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1097406"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_53_1","first-page":"147","article-title":"\u00dcber die Pneumaticit\u00e4t des Sch\u00e4dels bei den S\u00e4ugetieren. Eine morphologische Studie. I. \u00dcber den Bau des Siebbeins. \u00dcber die Morphologie des Siebbeins und die Pneumaticit\u00e4t bei den Monotremen und den Marsupialiern","volume":"28","author":"Paulli S.","year":"1900","journal-title":"Gegenbaurs Morphologisches Jahrbuch"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_54_1","first-page":"179","article-title":"\u00dcber die Pneumaticit\u00e4t des Sch\u00e4dels bei den S\u00e4ugetieren. Eine morphologische Studie. II. \u00dcber die Morphologie des Siebbeins und der Pneumaticit\u00e4t bei den Ungulaten und Probosciden","volume":"28","author":"Paulli S.","year":"1900","journal-title":"Gegenbaurs Morphologisches Jahrbuch"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_55_1","first-page":"483","article-title":"\u00dcber die Pneumaticit\u00e4t des Sch\u00e4dels bei den S\u00e4ugetieren. Eine morphologische Studie. III. \u00dcber die Morphologie des Siebbeins und die Pneumaticit\u00e4t bei den Insectivoren, Hyracoideen, Chiropteren, Carnivoren, Pinnipeden, Edentaten, Rodentiern, Prosimiern und Primaten, nebst einer zusammenfassenden \u00dcbersicht \u00fcber die Morphologie des Siebbeins und die der Pneumaticit\u00e4t des Sch\u00e4dels bei den S\u00e4ugetieren","volume":"28","author":"Paulli S.","year":"1900","journal-title":"Gegenbaurs Morphologisches Jahrbuch"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_56_1","first-page":"104","volume-title":"Wolves. Behavior, ecology, and conservation","author":"Peterson R. O.","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_57_1","first-page":"375","article-title":"Zur Entwicklung des Primordialcraniums von Dasypus novemcinctus LINN\u00c9 (Tatusia novemcinctus LESSON) I","volume":"44","author":"Reinbach W.","year":"1952","journal-title":"Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Morphologie Und Anthropologie"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_58_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Zur Entwicklung des Primordialcraniums von Dasypus novemcinctus LINN\u00c9 (Tatusia novemcinctus LESSON) II","volume":"45","author":"Reinbach W.","year":"1952","journal-title":"Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Morphologie Und Anthropologie"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_59_1","first-page":"79","article-title":"Das Cranium eines Embryos des G\u00fcrteltieres Zaedyus minutus (65mm Sch.St.)","volume":"95","author":"Reinbach W.","year":"1955","journal-title":"Gegenbaurs Morphologisches Jahrbuch"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0011946"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-10-21"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10914-005-5731-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_63_1","unstructured":"RufI.2004.Vergleichend\u2010ontogenetische Untersuchungen an der Ethmoidalregion der Muroidea (Rodentia Mammalia). Ein Beitrag zur Morphologie und Systematik der Nagetiere. Dissertation Universit\u00e4t T\u00fcbingen pp. 1\u2013301."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.23027"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/pb-2-89-2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.23022"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.153.4.107"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1073906"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_69_1","first-page":"501","article-title":"Zur Morphologie und Entwicklung des craniums von Canis lupus f. familiaris L","volume":"109","author":"Schliemann H.","year":"1966","journal-title":"Gegenbaurs Morphologisches Jahrbuch"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_70_1","first-page":"91","volume-title":"Morphogenesis of the mammalian skull (Mammalia depicta 13)","author":"Schliemann H.","year":"1987"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1002849"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1534\/genetics.112.145284"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.1092000208"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_74_1","first-page":"44","article-title":"Ueber die Nasenh\u00f6hle der h\u00f6heren S\u00e4ugethiere und des Menschen","volume":"17","author":"Seydel O.","year":"1891","journal-title":"Gegenbaurs Morphologisches Jahrbuch"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.a.20122"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10914-011-9178-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.23029"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.21411"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.23465"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.20724"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_81_1","volume-title":"Vergleichende Anatomie der Wirbeltiere. III Organe des aktiven Bewegungsapparates, der Koordination, der Umweltbeziehung, des Stoffwechsels und der Fortpflanzung","author":"Starck D.","year":"1982"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_82_1","unstructured":"SturzeneggerN.2011.Ver\u00e4nderungen des Gesichts\u2212\/ Gehirnsch\u00e4delverh\u00e4ltnisses (S\u2010Index) ausgew\u00e4hlter brachycephaler Hunderassen im Verlaufe der letzten 100 Jahre. Dissertation Universit\u00e4t Z\u00fcrich pp. 1\u201342."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.3147604"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jhered\/esi113"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_85_1","unstructured":"The Kennel Club. (2020).https:\/\/www.thekennelclub.org.uk\/services\/public\/findaclub\/breed\/Default.aspx?group=TOY"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.23026"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0952836904005771"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vru.12249"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02214638"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_90_1","volume-title":"Die Hunderassen. Ein Handbuch f\u00fcr Hundeliebhaber und Z\u00fcchter","author":"vom Hagen A.","year":"1935"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_91_1","unstructured":"Wagner F.(2019).Evolutionary transformations of the ethmoidal region inCanis lupus familiaris(Linn\u00e9 1758): Effects of domestication on the turbinal skeleton in selected dog breeds. Dissertation Universit\u00e4t Frankfurt pp. 1\u2013300.http:\/\/publikationen.ub.uni-frankfurt.de\/frontdoor\/index\/index\/docId\/54588"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mambio.2018.06.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_93_1","first-page":"47","volume-title":"The dog and its genome","author":"Young A.","year":"2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_94_1","first-page":"17","volume-title":"Morphogenesis of the mammalian skull (Mammalia depicta 13)","author":"Zeller U.","year":"1987"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_95_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Die Entwicklung und Morphologie des Sch\u00e4dels von Ornithorhynchus anatinus (Mammalia: Protheria: Monotremata)","volume":"545","author":"Zeller U.","year":"1989","journal-title":"Abh Senckenberg Naturforsch Ges"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_96_1","volume-title":"Das periphere Geruchsorgan der S\u00e4ugethiere. Eine vergleichend antatomische Studie","author":"Zuckerkandl E.","year":"1887"}],"container-title":["The Anatomical Record"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Far.24422","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ar.24422","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/ar.24422","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/anatomypubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ar.24422","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T13:52:21Z","timestamp":1759931541000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/anatomypubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ar.24422"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,28]]},"references-count":95,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/ar.24422"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ar.24422","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-8486","1932-8494"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-8486","type":"print"},{"value":"1932-8494","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,28]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2019-12-04","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-03-07","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-05-28","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}