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In all three reptilian clades, however, certain taxa emit distress calls and advertisement calls using modifications of regions of the upper respiratory tract. There is no central tendency in either acoustic mechanisms or the structure of the vocal apparatus, and many taxa that vocalize emit only relatively simple sounds. Available evidence indicates multiple origins of true vocal abilities within these lineages. Reptiles thus provide opportunities for studying the early evolutionary stages of vocalization. The early literature on the diversity of form of the laryngotracheal apparatus of reptiles boded well for the study of form\u2010function relationships, but this potential was not extensively explored. Emphasis shifted away from anatomy, however, and centered instead on acoustic analysis of the sounds that are produced. New investigative techniques have provided novel ways of studying the form\u2010function aspects of the structures involved in phonation and have brought anatomical investigation to the forefront again. In this review we summarize what is known about hearing in reptiles in order to contextualize the vocal signals they generate and the sound\u2010producing mechanisms responsible for them. The diversity of form of the sound producing apparatus and the increasing evidence that reptiles are more dependent upon vocalization as a communication medium than previously thought indicates that they have a significant role to play in the understanding of the evolution of vocalization in amniotes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.24553","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,25]],"date-time":"2020-10-25T12:24:26Z","timestamp":1603628666000},"page":"1478-1528","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Vocalization by extant nonavian reptiles: A synthetic overview of phonation and the vocal apparatus"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"304","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6659-6765","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anthony P.","family":"Russell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences University of Calgary  Calgary Alberta Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aaron M.","family":"Bauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and Center for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Stewardship Villanova University  Villanova Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","first-page":"435","article-title":"The electrical response of the auditory mechanism in cold\u2010blooded vertebrates","volume":"125","author":"Adrian E. 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