{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]],"date-time":"2026-03-02T22:08:28Z","timestamp":1772489308234,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,4]],"date-time":"2021-04-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617494400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["anatomypubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Anatomical Record"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The congenitally shortened limb (CSL) with fibular deficiency or <jats:italic>absence<\/jats:italic> has historically been graded by plain radiography, while associated cartilaginous and arterial soft tissue anomalies have been comparatively neglected. Consistent pathological evidence of remnant cartilaginous bodies in place of the fibula presupposes earlier existence of a preformed cartilaginous template of the fibula. In complete fibular radiographic absences, often associated with midline metatarsal deficiencies, the two usual nutrient arteries to the fibula fail to form, as they normally would have, around the (16\u201318\u2009mm stage) sixth embryonic week. The histopathology of <jats:italic>fallow<\/jats:italic> persisting fibular anlagen, in association with missing arteries and retained primitive arteries, suggests the anlage is a <jats:italic>dystrophic<\/jats:italic>, but otherwise normally prefigured, cartilaginous scaffold of the fibula. Thus, the widely employed term <jats:italic>absent fibula<\/jats:italic>, which has been grounded in plain radiography, is a misnomer. Additionally, since the metatarsals missing in congenitally shortened limb are midline, the related term, <jats:italic>fibular hemimelia<\/jats:italic>, is similarly inaccurate. A new taxonomy, based on embryological principles rather than radiographic appearance alone, will promote limb dystrophism as a more accurate term combining arrested embryonic vascular development and congenitally shortened limb of the lower extremity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.24628","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,27]],"date-time":"2021-03-27T01:57:25Z","timestamp":1616810245000},"page":"8-17","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Embryology of the lower limb demonstrates that <i>congenital absent fibula is a radiologic misnomer<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"305","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3540-1931","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David R.","family":"Hootnick","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery SUNY Upstate Medical University  Syracuse New York USA"},{"name":"Department of Cellular and Developmental Biology SUNY Upstate Medical University  Syracuse New York USA"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics SUNY Upstate Medical University  Syracuse New York USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"E. Mark","family":"Levinsohn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery SUNY Upstate Medical University  Syracuse New York USA"},{"name":"Department of Radiology Crouse Irving Memorial Hospital  Syracuse New York USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,4]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","first-page":"1229","article-title":"Congenital deficiency of the fibula","volume":"39","author":"Achterman C.","year":"1979","journal-title":"Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/dbio.2001.0267"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00264-006-0293-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.2015140196"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.139253"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00247-011-2203-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","volume-title":"Human embryology and developmental biology","author":"Carlson B. 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