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Even though leptotyphlopids are known for their extremely reduced size, miniaturization has only been hypothesized to reflect insular dwarfism for the genus <jats:italic>Tetracheilostoma<\/jats:italic>. Herein, we aim to describe the comparative osteology and visceral morphology of both genera, investigating and discussing their several internal morphological simplifications and novelties. Our results indicate that these taxa exhibit several autapomorphies mostly concentrated in the dorsoposterior skull elements and maxillae, as well as in their axial skeleton and viscera. These novelties and simplifications are most likely a result of extreme miniaturization driven by the evolutionary constraints or ecological opportunities possibly imposed by the \u201cisland rule.\u201d Both <jats:italic>Mitophis<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Tetracheilostoma<\/jats:italic> distinguish from all other Epictinae in lacking a dentigerous process in the maxillae, by having the prootic fused to the otooccipital, and by the lack (except in comparison to a few <jats:italic>Epictia<\/jats:italic>) of a cervical vertebrae intercentrum I. Additionally, <jats:italic>Mitophis<\/jats:italic> can be distinguished from other Epictinae by the participation of the unpaired supraoccipital in the dorsal border of the foramen magnum, by the absence of the pleurapophyses in the caudal vertebrae, by a higher number of liver segments, and by the extreme degeneration of the pelvic rudiments. <jats:italic>Tetracheilostoma<\/jats:italic> differs from other Epictinae by lacking a distinct supraoccipital, which is fused to the parietal. Thus, our results reinforce that morphological characters are extremely valuable for leptotyphlopid systematics given their extremely conserved external morphology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.24716","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,23]],"date-time":"2021-07-23T07:18:21Z","timestamp":1627024701000},"page":"2118-2148","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Evolutionary treasures hidden in the West Indies: Comparative osteology and visceral morphology reveals intricate miniaturization in the insular genera <i>Mitophis<\/i> Hedges, Adalsteinsson, &amp; Branch,\u00a02009 and <i>Tetracheilostoma<\/i> Jan, 1861 (Leptotyphlopidae: Epictinae: Tetracheilostomina)"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"304","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0193-4011","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angele","family":"Martins","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ci\u00eancias Fisiol\u00f3gicas Universidade de Bras\u00edlia  Bras\u00edlia Brazil"},{"name":"Departamento de Vertebrados, Museu Nacional Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro  Rio de Janeiro Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7115-2816","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudia","family":"Koch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig  Bonn Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mitali","family":"Joshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig  Bonn Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Roberta","family":"Pinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Diversidade de Anf\u00edbios e R\u00e9pteis, Museu de Arqueologia da Universidade Cat\u00f3lica de Pernambuco Universidade Cat\u00f3lica de Pernambuco  Recife Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alessandra","family":"Machado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Alberto Luiz Coimbra de P\u00f3s\u2010Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o e Pesquisa em Engenharia, Laborat\u00f3rio de Instrumenta\u00e7\u00e3o Nuclear Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro  Rio de Janeiro Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ricardo","family":"Lopes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Alberto Luiz Coimbra de P\u00f3s\u2010Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o e Pesquisa em Engenharia, Laborat\u00f3rio de Instrumenta\u00e7\u00e3o Nuclear Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro  Rio de Janeiro Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paulo","family":"Passos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Vertebrados, Museu Nacional Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro  Rio de Janeiro Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.11646\/zootaxa.2244.1.1","article-title":"Molecular phylogeny, classification, and biogeography of snakes of the family Leptotyphlopidae (Reptilia, Squamata)","volume":"2244","author":"Adalsteinsson S. 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