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Recent advances in our understanding of thalattosuchian endocranial anatomy have revealed new details of the evolutionary transition from terrestrial to marine to pelagic taxa. Paranasal sinuses, however, have received little attention. Herein, we investigate the evolution of the paranasal sinus system and part of the upper respiratory system (nasopharyngeal ducts) in Thalattosuchia, by reconstructing the nasal and paranasal anatomy in CT scans of seven thalattosuchian skulls: one teleosauroid, two basal metriorhynchoids and four metriorhynchids. Our outgroups were: three extant crocodylian species (including adult and subadult skulls) and the basal crocodyliform <jats:italic>Protosuchus<\/jats:italic>. We found thalattosuchians exhibit exceptionally reduced paranasal sinus systems, solely comprising the antorbital sinus, as has been previously proposed. The semi\u2010aquatic basal thalattosuchians <jats:italic>Palgiopthalmosuchus gracilirostris<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Pelagosaurus typus<\/jats:italic> both have an antorbital sinus partially located medial to a reduced external antorbital fenestra and broadly communicating with the dorsal alveolar canal. In pelagic metriorhynchids, the antorbital cavity is more extensive than in basal taxa and possibly had an active function associated with a hypothesized accessory suborbital diverticulum, but our reconstructions are insufficient to confirm or reject the presence of such a diverticulum. The nasopharyngeal ducts of metriorhynchids are dorsoventrally enlarged, possibly enabling stronger ventilation. The sequence of acquisition of craniofacial adaptations show a mosaic pattern and appears to predate many skeletal adaptations, suggesting these changes occurred early in the thalattosuchian marine transition.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.24727","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,16]],"date-time":"2021-08-16T11:54:50Z","timestamp":1629114890000},"page":"2583-2603","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Paranasal sinus system and upper respiratory tract evolution in Mesozoic pelagic crocodylomorphs"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"305","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7620-4515","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"Cowgill","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of GeoSciences, Grant Institute, University of Edinburgh  Edinburgh UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7263-6505","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mark T.","family":"Young","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of GeoSciences, Grant Institute, University of Edinburgh  Edinburgh UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6229-7116","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julia A.","family":"Schwab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of GeoSciences, Grant Institute, University of Edinburgh  Edinburgh UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7002-1005","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stig","family":"Walsh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Natural Sciences National Museum of Scotland  Edinburgh UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7610-0118","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lawrence M.","family":"Witmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University  Athens Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2020-1227","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yanina","family":"Herrera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas y T\u00e9cnicas, Divisi\u00f3n Paleontolog\u00eda Vertebrados, Museo de La Plata, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo UNLP  La Plata Buenos Aires Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5468-4896","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kathleen N.","family":"Dollman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Evolutionary Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand  Johannesburg South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1008-0687","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonah N.","family":"Choiniere","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Evolutionary Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand  Johannesburg South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7525-7319","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephen L.","family":"Brusatte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of GeoSciences, Grant Institute, University of Edinburgh  Edinburgh UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","volume-title":"A descriptive catalogue of the marine reptiles of the Oxford clay, part two","author":"Andrews C. 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