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Here, we offer a comprehensive investigation of the human craniofacial complex using freely available software and MRI datasets representing 575 individuals from 0 to 79\u2009years old. We employ both standard craniometrics methods as well as Procrustes\u2010based analyses to capture and document cross\u2010sectional trends. Findings suggest that anatomical structures behave primarily as modules, and manifest integrated patterns of shape change as they compete for space, particularly with relative expansions of the brain during early postnatal life and of the face during puberty. Sexual dimorphism was detected in infancy and intensified during adolescence with gender differences in the magnitude and pattern of morphological covariation as well as of aging. These findings partly support the spatial\u2010packing hypothesis and reveal important insights into phenotypic adjustments to deep\u2010rooted, and presumably genetically defined, trajectories of morphological size and shape change that characterize the normal human craniofacial life\u2010course.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.24736","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,9]],"date-time":"2021-08-09T00:59:17Z","timestamp":1628470757000},"page":"81-99","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["A human craniofacial life\u2010course: Cross\u2010sectional morphological covariations during postnatal growth, adolescence, and aging"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"305","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5166-2029","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nathan S.","family":"Jeffery","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Anatomy Resource Centre &amp; Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool  Liverpool UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5866-979X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Craig","family":"Humphreys","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Anatomy Resource Centre &amp; Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool  Liverpool UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6879-3551","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amy","family":"Manson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Anatomy Resource Centre &amp; Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool  Liverpool UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/2041-210X.12511"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/evo.13867"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2007.03.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1096-8644(200011)113:3<435::AID-AJPA11>3.0.CO;2-O"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-199210000-00007"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archoralbio.2006.03.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","unstructured":"Journal of Anatomy"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2010.03.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11692-017-9424-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11692-018-9463-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/1040-6182(93)90027-D"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.23561"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2008.07.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aja.1001670407"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.48.10.757"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01627970"},{"issue":"3861","key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","first-page":"1470","article-title":"The human face. 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