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Therefore, we would expect both phylogenetically related similarities and ecologically driven differences in their use and specializations of sensory systems, especially in adaptations in sirenians related to their fully aquatic habitat. Here we review what is known about the sensory modalities of this clade in an attempt to better elucidate their sensory adaptations. Manatees have a higher frequency range for hearing than elephants, who have the best low\u2010frequency hearing range known to mammals, while the hearing range of hyraxes is unknown. All paenungulates have vibrissae assisting in tactile abilities such as feeding and navigating the environment and share relatively small eyes and dichromatic vision. Taste buds are present in varying quantities in all three orders. While the olfactory abilities of manatees and hyraxes are unknown, elephants have an excellent sense of smell which is reflected by having the relatively largest cranial nerve related to olfaction among the three lineages. Manatees have the relatively largest trigeminal nerve\u2014the nerve responsible for, among other things, mystacial vibrissae\u2014while hyraxes have the relatively largest optic nerve (and therefore, presumably, the best vision) among the Paenungulata. All three orders have diverged significantly; however, they still retain some anatomical and physiological adaptations in common with regard to sensory abilities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.24741","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,23]],"date-time":"2021-08-23T10:56:36Z","timestamp":1629716196000},"page":"715-735","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Review of sensory modalities of sirenians and the other extant Paenungulata clade"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"305","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1972-0871","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amanda Marie","family":"Moore","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology Andrews University  Berrien Springs Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5307-5573","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adam","family":"Hartstone\u2010Rose","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences North Carolina State University  Raleigh North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4838-1426","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Gonzalez\u2010Socoloske","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology Andrews University  Berrien Springs Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05249"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1382616"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","volume-title":"Aristotle's \u201cDe Anima\u201d","author":"Aristotle","year":"1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.46867\/C43P4V","article-title":"Underwater visual acuity of Florida manatees (Trichechus manatus latirostris)","volume":"16","author":"Bauer G. 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