{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T18:16:44Z","timestamp":1791310604478,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,4]],"date-time":"2021-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630713600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["anatomypubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Anatomical Record"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Previous studies have reported that osteophytes in the cervical vertebrae may cause immobility, neck stiffness, osteoarthritis, headaches, nerve entrapment syndromes, and compression of the vertebral artery. Our objective was to explore the osteophytes' expression on zygapophyseal joints C3\u2013C7. This is a cross\u2010sectional observational skeletal study. The study sample comprised 273 human skeletons of both sexes, aged 20\u201393, housed at the Natural History Museum, OH, USA. A grading system assessed the presence and severity of osteophytosis on the zygapophyseal joints. The chi\u2010square test (SPSS 25.0) examined the association between osteophytes and demographic factors. The level of significance (<jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>) was set at .05. The highest prevalence of osteophytes was found on C5 vertebra, the lowest on C7. On vertebrae C3, C4, C6, the rate of moderate and severe osteophytes found on the superior and inferior facets were comparable. Moderate and severe degrees of osteophytes were observed more frequently on the superior facets, whereas, on vertebra C7, osteophytes were found on the inferior facet joints. Osteophytes' prevalence was significantly higher in the elderly compared to the younger population. Osteophytes in the C3\u2013C7 zygapophyseal joints are age\u2010dependent. No significant sex and ethnic differences were observed. Vertebra C5 was most prone to develop osteophytes, most probably due to its location in the cervical lordotic peak, C5 in the superior ZF; C7 in the inferior ZF are significant (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0.05). The zygapophyseal joints of C7 were least frequent overall, yet, the C7 inferior facets had significantly more moderate\u2013severe osteophytes compared to other cervical vertebrae.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.24751","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,30]],"date-time":"2021-08-30T23:59:48Z","timestamp":1630367988000},"page":"1065-1072","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Osteophytes on the zygapophyseal (facet) joints of the cervical spine (C3\u2013C7): A skeletal study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"305","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8788-3376","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Ezra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Anthropology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine Tel\u2010Aviv University  Tel Aviv Israel"},{"name":"School of Nursing Sciences Tel Aviv Yaffo Academic College  Tel Aviv Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Einat","family":"Kedar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Anthropology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine Tel\u2010Aviv University  Tel Aviv Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khalil","family":"Salame","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine Tel Aviv University  Tel Aviv Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deborah","family":"Alperovitch\u2010Najenson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Health Studies Ben\u2010Gurion University of the Negev  Beer\u2010Sheva Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Israel","family":"Hershkovitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Anthropology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine Tel\u2010Aviv University  Tel Aviv Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","first-page":"287","article-title":"Segmentary anterior\u2013posterior mobility of the cervical spine","volume":"44","author":"Aho A.","year":"1995","journal-title":"Annales Medicinae Internae Fenniae"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199812150-00014"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2017.02.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","first-page":"181","article-title":"Normal ranges of intervertebral joint motion of the cervical spine","volume":"12","author":"Bhalla S. 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