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Yet, despite the widely recognized importance of ontogeny in understanding climatic and thermoregulatory adaptations, most research on nasal variation in modern and fossil humans focuses on static adult morphology. This study utilizes cross\u2010sectional CT data of three morphologically distinct samples (African, European, Arctic) spanning from infancy to adulthood (total <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0321). Eighteen landmarks capturing external and internal regions of the face and nose were subjected to generalized Procrustes and form\u2010space principal component analyses (separately conducted on global and individual samples) to ascertain when adult\u2010specific nasal morphology emerges during ontogeny. Across the global sample, PC1 (67.18% of the variation) tracks age\u2010related size changes regardless of ancestry, while PC2 (6.86%) differentiates between the ancestral groups irrespective of age. Growth curves tracking morphological changes by age\u2010in\u2010years indicate comparable growth trajectories across all three samples, with the majority of nasal size and shape established early in ontogeny (&lt;5\u2009years of age). Sex\u2010based trends are also evident, with females exhibiting a more truncated growth period than males, particularly for nasal height dimensions. Differences are also evident between the anterior and posterior nose, with the height and breadth dimensions of the anterior nasal aperture and nasal cavity showing differential ontogenetic patterns compared to the choanae. Cumulatively, these results suggest that multiple selective pressures influence human nasal morphology through ontogenetic processes, including metabolic demands for sufficient oxygen intake and climatic demands for adequate intranasal air conditioning.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.24760","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,22]],"date-time":"2021-09-22T05:31:25Z","timestamp":1632288685000},"page":"1910-1937","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Ontogenetic variation in human nasal morphology"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"305","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3743-2408","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lauren N.","family":"Butaric","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy College of Osteopathic Medicine, Des Moines University  Des Moines Iowa USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christina L.","family":"Nicholas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontics University of Illinois Chicago  Chicago Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katherine","family":"Kravchuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy College of Osteopathic Medicine, Des Moines University  Des Moines Iowa USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0208-2770","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Scott D.","family":"Maddux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Anatomical Sciences, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences University of North Texas Health Science Center  Fort Worth Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","unstructured":"Adams D. 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