{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T14:30:56Z","timestamp":1786977056712,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":123,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,29]],"date-time":"2021-11-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638144000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008982","name":"National Science Foundation of Sri Lanka","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EAR 1943286"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EAR 1943286"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008982","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000275","name":"Leverhulme Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RPG\u20102019\u2010364"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RPG\u20102019\u2010364"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000275","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["anatomypubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Anatomical Record"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Pseudosuchians, archosaurian reptiles more closely related to crocodylians than to birds, exhibited high morphological diversity during the Triassic with numerous examples of morphological convergence described between Triassic pseudosuchians and post\u2010Triassic dinosaurs. One example is the shuvosaurid\n                    <jats:italic>Effigia okeeffeae<\/jats:italic>\n                    which exhibits an \u201costrich\u2010like\u201d bauplan comprising a gracile skeleton with edentulous jaws and large orbits, similar to ornithomimid dinosaurs and extant palaeognaths. This bauplan is regarded as an adaptation for herbivory, but this hypothesis assumes morphological convergence confers functional convergence, and has received little explicit testing. Here, we restore the skull morphology of\n                    <jats:italic>Effigia<\/jats:italic>\n                    , perform myological reconstructions, and apply finite element analysis to quantitatively investigate skull function. We also perform finite element analysis on the crania of the ornithomimid dinosaur\n                    <jats:italic>Ornithomimus edmontonicus<\/jats:italic>\n                    , the extant palaeognath\n                    <jats:italic>Struthio camelus<\/jats:italic>\n                    and the extant pseudosuchian\n                    <jats:italic>Alligator mississippiensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    to assess the degree of functional convergence with a taxon that exhibit \u201costrich\u2010like\u201d bauplans and its closest extant relatives. We find that\n                    <jats:italic>Effigia<\/jats:italic>\n                    possesses a mosaic of mechanically strong and weak features, including a weak mandible that likely restricted feeding to the anterior portion of the jaws. We find limited functional convergence with\n                    <jats:italic>Ornithomimus<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Struthio<\/jats:italic>\n                    and limited evidence of phylogenetic constraints with extant pseudosuchians. We infer that\n                    <jats:italic>Effigia<\/jats:italic>\n                    was a specialist herbivore that likely fed on softer plant material, a niche unique among the study taxa and potentially among contemporaneous Triassic herbivores. This study increases the known functional diversity of pseudosuchians and highlights that superficial morphological similarity between unrelated taxa does not always imply functional and ecological convergence.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.24827","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,29]],"date-time":"2021-11-29T03:28:40Z","timestamp":1638156520000},"page":"2435-2462","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Cranial functional morphology of the pseudosuchian\n                    <i>Effigia<\/i>\n                    and implications for its ecological role in the Triassic"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"305","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1098-6286","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jordan","family":"Bestwick","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences University of Birmingham  Birmingham UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9118-5965","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew S.","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences University of Birmingham  Birmingham UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7017-1652","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sterling J.","family":"Nesbitt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geosciences Virginia Tech  Blacksburg Virginia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3472-814X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephan","family":"Lautenschlager","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences University of Birmingham  Birmingham UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2618-750X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emily J.","family":"Rayfield","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Earth Sciences University of Bristol  Bristol UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9509-4297","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew R.","family":"Cuff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Anatomical and Human Sciences, Hull York Medical School University of York  York UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7404-612X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David J.","family":"Button","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth Sciences The Natural History Museum  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0412-3000","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul M.","family":"Barrett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth Sciences The Natural History Museum  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0546-2381","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura B.","family":"Porro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Integrative Anatomy, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology University College London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2136-7541","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard J.","family":"Butler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences University of Birmingham  Birmingham UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2011.0674"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5710\/AMGH.19.03.2018.3170"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","first-page":"23R","article-title":"First biomechanical analysis on the skull of the ornithosuchid Riojasuchus tenuisceps Bonaparte 1967 from the Los Colorados Formation, Late Triassic of Argentina","volume":"51","author":"Baczko M. 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