{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T23:32:38Z","timestamp":1787873558009,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,27]],"date-time":"2021-11-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637971200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["anatomypubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Anatomical Record"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>In ancient Egypt, a unique technique for removing the brain was invented as part of the mummification practice and refined over the centuries. This usually involved piercing the anterior skull base through a nasal passage to remove the brain remnants through that perforation. From 2010 to 2018, an interdisciplinary team of the Universities of Basel and Zurich investigated tomb no. 40 (KV40) in the Valley of the Kings, Luxor, Egypt. Archaeological findings indicate a first burial phase during the mid\u201018th Dynasty (ca. 1400\u20131350\u2009BCE) and a second in the 22nd to 25th Dynasty (approx. 900\u2013700\u2009BCE). Repeated looting since ancient times severely damaged and commingled the human remains of the two burial phases. The detailed examination of the skulls showed evidence of different transnasal craniotomy practices. This study aims to provide a systematic presentation of the evidence for different excerebration techniques found in the mummy heads, skulls, and skull fragments from KV40, reflecting the long period of occupancy of this tomb by individuals of different social classes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.24828","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,27]],"date-time":"2021-11-27T05:30:25Z","timestamp":1637991025000},"page":"1938-1946","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["The importance of the nasopharynx and anterior skull base in excerebration techniques from KV40, a New Kingdom Egyptian site"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"305","author":[{"given":"Roger","family":"Seiler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Evolutionary Medicine (IEM) University of Zurich  Zurich"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Eppenberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Evolutionary Medicine (IEM) University of Zurich  Zurich"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susanne","family":"Bickel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ancient Civilisations University of Basel  Basel Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7937-001X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Frank","family":"R\u00fchli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Evolutionary Medicine (IEM) University of Zurich  Zurich"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/2012.6.FOCUS12128"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/2011.12.JNS11417"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00016489950181774"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/030751330609200121"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3855826"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A0909"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Extraordinary dental findings in an Egyptian mummy skull by means of computed tomography","volume":"1","author":"Harbort J.","year":"2008","journal-title":"Palarch's Journal of Archaeology of Egypt\/Egyptology"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","volume-title":"Scanning the pharaohs: CT imaging of the New Kingdom Royal Mummies","author":"Hawass Z. 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University Zurich Switzerland."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Multidisciplinary studies of heavily fragmented and comingled ancient Egyptian human remains found in KV 40 (Valley of the Kings, Luxor, Egypt): A pragmatic workflow and first results","volume":"29","author":"Meyer S.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Archaeological Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","unstructured":"OettekingB.1908.Kraniologische Studien an Alt\u00e4gyptern. (Thesis). University Zurich Switzerland."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14428\/nemesis.v9i1.52583"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","volume-title":"Trait\u00e9 des embaumemens selon les anciens et les modernes: avec une description de quelques compositions balsamiques et odorantes","author":"Penicher L.","year":"1699"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02447290"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1136\/practneurol-2019-002383","article-title":"Skull base imaging, anatomy, pathology, and protocols","volume":"20","author":"Quirk B.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Practical Neurology"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","unstructured":"RentschM.2018.CT\u2010based analysis of transnasal craniotomies of mummies in the Swiss Mummy Project (SMP)\u2014With comparison of literature. (Master of Dental Medicine). University Zurich Switzerland."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","first-page":"395","volume-title":"Mummies around the world: An encyclopedia of mummies in history, religion, and popular culture","author":"R\u00fchli F.","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","unstructured":"Salter\u2010PedersenE.2004.The myth of eternal preservation: Pattern of damage in Egyptian mummies. (LSU Master's Theses 967 pp). 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