{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T09:36:17Z","timestamp":1790760977472,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,5]],"date-time":"2022-01-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1641340800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001665","name":"Agence Nationale de la Recherche","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ANR\u201020\u2010CE27\u20100009\u201001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR\u201020\u2010CE27\u20100009\u201001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001665","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["anatomypubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Anatomical Record"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The cranial anatomy of <jats:italic>Homo neanderthalensis<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Homo sapiens<\/jats:italic> is well documented in the paleoanthropological and medical literature. However, there are few high\u2010quality visual guides of their comparative morphology. We give here a detailed description of the anatomy of two important fossil specimens, La Chapelle\u2010aux\u2010Saints 1 and abri Pataud 1, based on high\u2010resolution imaging data with each specimen representing the respective morphologies of <jats:italic>H. neanderthalensis<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>H. sapiens<\/jats:italic>. We describe the comparative morphology of external, endocranial, and internal characteristics of the cranium, with a focus on the petrous and tympanic portions of the temporal bone. This descriptive approach shows differences between our specimens, including in positions of cerebral components relative to cranial structures and patterns of dural sinus drainage. Numerous external and internal differences in the shape of the petrous temporal are also described, including its articulation with the tympanic bone and the orientation of the petrotympanic crest. The presence of a large protuberance between the osseous Eustachian tube orifice and carotid foramen in <jats:italic>H. neanderthalensis<\/jats:italic> suggests that the <jats:italic>levator veli palatini<\/jats:italic> muscle took origin more laterally than the <jats:italic>dilator tubae<\/jats:italic> arm of the <jats:italic>tensor veli palatini<\/jats:italic> muscle, a feature shared with <jats:italic>H. sapiens<\/jats:italic>. The overall pattern that emerges is one in which two species have undergone large\u2010scale evolutionary changes in a functionally critical region. Such differences necessitate high\u2010quality visualization and consideration of both internal and external morphology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.24854","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,6]],"date-time":"2022-01-06T01:11:39Z","timestamp":1641431499000},"page":"2030-2037","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["The cranial base and related internal anatomical features in <i>Homo neanderthalensis<\/i> and <i>Homo sapiens<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"305","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4226-611X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antoine","family":"Balzeau","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"PaleoFED Team, UMR 7194, CNRS, D\u00e9partement Homme et Environnement Mus\u00e9um national d'Histoire naturelle  Paris France"},{"name":"Department of African Zoology Royal Museum for Central Africa  Tervuren Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2323-5561","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anthony","family":"Pagano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Sciences Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine  Nutley New Jersey USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jole\/lzy001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2014.06.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2007.07.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","first-page":"519","article-title":"L'homme fossile de la Chapelle\u2010aux\u2010Saints","volume":"19","author":"Boule M.","year":"1909","journal-title":"L'Anthropologie"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41559-021-01391-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000156196"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2017.12.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","series-title":"Brain endocasts\u2014the paleoneurological evidence","first-page":"273","volume-title":"Meningeal patterns","author":"Grimaud\u2010Herv\u00e9 D.","year":"2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.10122"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","first-page":"321","article-title":"Les hommes fossiles de La Ferrassie (Dordogne) et le probl\u00e8me de la d\u00e9finition des n\u00e9andertaliens classiques","volume":"78","author":"Heim J. L.","year":"1974","journal-title":"L'Anthropologie (Paris)"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-199709001-00003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.23040"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","first-page":"309","article-title":"Evolutionary trends in the temporal bone in the Neandertal lineage: A comparative study between the Sima de los Huesos (Sierra de Atapuerca) and Krapina samples","volume":"108","author":"Mart\u00ednez I.","year":"2006","journal-title":"Periodicum Biologorum"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-8644(200003)111:3<393::AID-AJPA7>3.0.CO;2-U"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3166\/bmsap-2020-0098"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","first-page":"213","article-title":"Cr\u00e2ne Proto Magdal\u00e9nien et V\u00e9nus du P\u00e9rigordien Final trouv\u00e9s dans L'Abri Pataud, Les Eyzies (Dordogne)","volume":"63","author":"Movius H. L.","year":"1959","journal-title":"L'Anthropologie"},{"issue":"8","key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2038","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.24913","article-title":"Nasopharyngeal morphology contributes to understanding the \u201cmuddle in the middle\u201d of the Pleistocene hominin fossil record","volume":"305","author":"Pagano A. 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