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Understanding the timing of growth milestones and morphological change associated with adult skeletal malocclusions is critical for developing individualized orthodontic growth modification strategies. To identify patterns in the timing and geometry of growth, we used Bayesian modeling of cephalometrics and geometric morphometric analyses with a dense, longitudinal sample consisting of 15,407 cephalograms from 1,913 individuals between 2 and 31\u2009years of age. Individuals were classified into vertical facial types (hyper\u2010, normo\u2010, hypo\u2010divergent) and anteroposterior (A\u2010P) skeletal classes (Class I, Class II, Class III) based on adult mandibular plane angle and ANB angle, respectively. These classifications yielded eight facial type\u2010skeletal class categories with sufficient sample sizes to be included in the study. Four linear cephalometrics representing facial heights and maxillary and mandibular lengths were fit to standard double logistic models generating type\u2010class category\u2010specific estimates for age, size, and rate of growth at growth milestones. Mean landmark configurations were compared among type\u2010class categories at four time points between 6 and 20\u2009years of age. Overall, morphology and growth patterns were more similar within vertical facial types than within A\u2010P classes and variation among A\u2010P classes typically nested within variation among vertical types. Further, type\u2010class\u2010associated variation in the rate and magnitude of growth in specific regions identified here may serve as targets for clinical treatment of complex vertical and A\u2010P skeletal malocclusion and provide a clearer picture of the development of variation in craniofacial form.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.24870","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,25]],"date-time":"2022-01-25T05:45:00Z","timestamp":1643089500000},"page":"2175-2206","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Craniofacial growth and morphology among intersecting clinical categories"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"305","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3826-5373","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ryan P.","family":"Knigge","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology University of Minnesota Medical School  Minneapolis Minnesota USA"},{"name":"Craniofacial Research Center, Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences University of Missouri School of Medicine  Columbia Missouri USA"},{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery University of Missouri School of Medicine  Columbia Missouri USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna M.","family":"Hardin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Craniofacial Research Center, Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences University of Missouri School of Medicine  Columbia Missouri USA"},{"name":"Department of Biology Western Oregon University  Monmouth Oregon USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin M.","family":"Middleton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Craniofacial Research Center, Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences University of Missouri School of Medicine  Columbia Missouri USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kieran P.","family":"McNulty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology University of Minnesota  Minneapolis Minnesota USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hee Soo","family":"Oh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontics, Arthur A. Dugoni School of Dentistry University of the Pacific  San Francisco California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manish","family":"Valiathan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontics, School of Dental Medicine Case Western Reserve University  Cleveland Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dana L.","family":"Duren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Craniofacial Research Center, Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences University of Missouri School of Medicine  Columbia Missouri USA"},{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery University of Missouri School of Medicine  Columbia Missouri USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3733-3891","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard J.","family":"Sherwood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Craniofacial Research Center, Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences University of Missouri School of Medicine  Columbia Missouri USA"},{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery University of Missouri School of Medicine  Columbia Missouri USA"},{"name":"Department of Orthodontics, School of Dental Medicine Case Western Reserve University  Cleveland Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcms.2015.10.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9416(69)90206-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","first-page":"248","article-title":"Classification of malocclusion","volume":"41","author":"Angle E.","year":"1899","journal-title":"Dental Cosmos"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.sodo.2007.05.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.20191"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archoralbio.2006.03.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.10313"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/15.5.347"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9416(80)90039-1"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","first-page":"269","article-title":"Facial variations related to Headform type","volume":"55","author":"Bhat M.","year":"1985","journal-title":"Angle Orthodontist"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-5406(98)70227-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.sodo.2005.10.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9416(85)80046-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00016356609026122"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9416(69)90036-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/5.1.1"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","first-page":"63","article-title":"A parameterization for individual human growth curves","volume":"45","author":"Bock R. 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