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This study uses the nasopharyngeal boundaries as a source of traits that may inform this unclear period of human evolution. The nasopharynx lies at the nexus of several vital physiological systems, yet relatively little is known about its importance in human evolution. We analyzed a geographically diverse contemporary <jats:italic>Homo sapiens<\/jats:italic> growth series (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u2009180 adults, 237 nonadults), <jats:italic>Homo neanderthalensis<\/jats:italic> (La Chapelle aux Saints 1, La Ferrassie 1, Forbes Quarry 1, Monte Circeo 1, and Saccopastore 1), mid\u2010Pleistocene <jats:italic>Homo<\/jats:italic> (Atapuerca 5, Kabwe 1, Petralona 1, and Steinheim 1), and two <jats:italic>Homo erectus<\/jats:italic> sensu <jats:italic>lato<\/jats:italic> (KNM\u2010ER 3733 and Sangiran 17). Methods include traditional (Analysis 1) and 3D geometric morphometric analysis (Analysis 2). <jats:italic>H<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>erectus<\/jats:italic> exhibited tall, narrow nasopharyngeal shape, a robust, ancestral morphology. Kabwe 1 and Petralona 1 plotted among <jats:italic>H. sapiens<\/jats:italic> in Analysis 2, exhibiting relatively shorter and vertical cartilaginous Eustachian tubes and vertical medial pterygoid plates. Atapuerca 5 and Steinheim 1 exhibited horizontal vomeral orientation similar to <jats:italic>H. neanderthalensis<\/jats:italic>, indicating greater relative soft palate length and anteroposterior nasopharynx expansion. They may exhibit synapomorphies with <jats:italic>H. neanderthalensis<\/jats:italic>, supporting the accretionary hypothesis. Species\u2010level differences were found among <jats:italic>H. sapiens<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>H. neanderthalensis<\/jats:italic>, including relatively longer dilator tubae muscles and extreme facial airorhynchy among Neanderthals. Furthermore, <jats:italic>H. neanderthalensis<\/jats:italic> were autapomorphic in exhibiting horizontal pterygoid plate orientation similar to human infants, suggesting that they may have had inferiorly low placement of the torus tubarius and Eustachian tube orifice on the lateral nasopharyngeal wall in life. This study supports use of osseous nasopharyngeal boundaries both for morphological characters and understanding evolution of otitis media susceptibility in living humans.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.24913","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,8]],"date-time":"2022-04-08T11:11:29Z","timestamp":1649416289000},"page":"2038-2064","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Nasopharyngeal morphology contributes to understanding the \u201cmuddle in the middle\u201d of the Pleistocene hominin fossil record"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"305","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2323-5561","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anthony S.","family":"Pagano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Sciences Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine  Nutley New Jersey USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9259-1079","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher M.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology CUNY Graduate Center  New York New York USA"},{"name":"New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology  New York New York USA"},{"name":"Center for Anatomy and Functional Morphology Icahn School of Medicine  New York New York USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4226-611X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antoine","family":"Balzeau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department de Homme et environnement Mus\u00e9e de l'Homme\u2014Palais de Chaillot  Paris France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9764-1597","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samuel","family":"M\u00e1rquez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Cell Biology and Otolaryngology SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University  Brooklyn New York USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9629-946X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeffrey T.","family":"Laitman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology CUNY Graduate Center  New York New York USA"},{"name":"New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology  New York New York USA"},{"name":"Center for Anatomy and Functional Morphology Icahn School of Medicine  New York New York USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","unstructured":"Adams D. 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