{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T00:39:54Z","timestamp":1790728794832,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,7]],"date-time":"2022-06-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1654560000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006498","name":"Clemson University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006498","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["anatomypubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Anatomical Record"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Distinctive anatomical features of bones can influence not only how these structures perform in living animals but also the tendency of elements to be transported by flowing water after death. Such transport can be critical in the concentration of fossils from animals that live near freshwater habitats, providing important context for interpreting the composition of paleocommunities. Measurements of the tendency of flowing water to disperse skeletal elements have been collected for diverse taxa, including mammals, turtles, and birds. However, these extant models may not be entirely appropriate for many morphologically distinct extinct lineages, such as non\u2010avian dinosaurs. To expand the range of models available for evaluating the influence of hydrodynamic transport on the assembly of fossil deposits, we used a flow tank to measure the water speeds that disperse bones from a subadult American alligator (<jats:italic>Alligator mississippiensis<\/jats:italic>), with the skull and mandible tested in multiple starting orientations. Alligator bones are sorted into three main dispersal groups: early (vertebrae, most girdle elements), intermediate (ribs, most limb bones), and late (pubis, femur), with the skull and mandible varying between intermediate and late depending on orientation. Late dispersing elements tended to be heavy or very flat. These results can refine interpretations of the taphonomic context for deposits of fossil crocodylians and morphologically similar taxa (e.g., choristoderes, phytosaurs) and provide an additional comparative model for deposits of non\u2010avian dinosaurs. Moreover, variation in hydrodynamic sorting across lineages highlights how distinctive anatomical features can influence the concentration of fossils, shaping understanding of assemblage composition and paleofaunal evolution.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.25003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,7]],"date-time":"2022-06-07T09:48:39Z","timestamp":1654595319000},"page":"1618-1630","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Anatomy informs geology: Hydrodynamic dispersal of alligator bones, with implications for taphonomic interpretations of fossil deposits of crocodylians, dinosaurs, and other morphologically novel taxa"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"306","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5026-343X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard W.","family":"Blob","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences Clemson University  Clemson South Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isabel Z. G.","family":"Espinoza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"R. C. Edwards Middle School  Central South Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2701-0391","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Masaya","family":"Iijima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences Clemson University  Clemson South Carolina USA"},{"name":"Structure and Motion Lab, Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences Royal Veterinary College  Hatfield UK"},{"name":"Nagoya University Museum  Nagoya Aichi Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","volume-title":"Dynamics of dinosaurs and other extinct giants","author":"Alexander R. M.","year":"1989"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12549-011-0066-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","unstructured":"Behrensmeyer A. K.(1975).The taphonomy and paleoecology of Plio\u2010Pleistocene vertebrate assemblages east of Lake Rudolf Kenya.Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 146 473\u2013577."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0094837300005820"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-0182(88)90096-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4899-5034-5_6"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","first-page":"15","volume-title":"Terrestrial ecosystems through time","author":"Behrensmeyer A. K.","year":"1992"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","first-page":"295","volume-title":"The phylogeny and classification of the tetrapods. Amphibians and reptiles","author":"Benton M. J.","year":"1988"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01673406"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3515304"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.202.9.1023"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.204.6.1099"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/icu032"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0094837300016377"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","first-page":"139","volume-title":"Biology of turtles","author":"Blob R. W.","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330450107"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1668\/0003-1569(2001)041[0564:CSISAT]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14772010903537732"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.012989"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.018986"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","first-page":"225","volume-title":"Amniote paleobiology: perspectives on the evolution of mammals, birds, and reptiles","author":"Carrano M. T.","year":"2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5962\/bhl.title.61216"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","article-title":"Taphonomic signatures of a new upper Triassic phytosaur (Diapsida, Archosauria) bonebed from India: Aggregation of a juvenile\u2010dominated paleocommunity","volume":"40","author":"Datta D.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-0182(71)90044-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","first-page":"15","article-title":"The significance of small bones in paleoecological interpretation","volume":"12","author":"Dodson P.","year":"1973","journal-title":"Rocky Mountain Geology"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7998.1975.tb01405.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","volume-title":"CRC handbook of avian body masses","author":"Dunning J. B.","year":"1993"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"The lepidosaurian reptile Champsosaurus in North America","volume":"1","author":"Erickson B. R.","year":"1972","journal-title":"Monograph of the Science Museum of Minnesota"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Osteology of the early eusuchian crocodile Leidyosuchus formidabilis, sp. nov","volume":"2","author":"Erickson B. R.","year":"1976","journal-title":"Monograph of the Science Museum of Minnesota"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-2878-4_8"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1558-5646.1975.tb00214.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-0182(91)90151-G"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1096-3642.1998.tb00580.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2110\/palo.2003.p03-22"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Saurischian monophyly and the origin of birds","volume":"8","author":"Gauthier J. A.","year":"1986","journal-title":"Memoirs of the California Academy of Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Forensic taphonomy: the postmortem fate of human remains","author":"Haglund W. D.","year":"2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_1","first-page":"156","volume-title":"Fossils in the making: Vertebrate taphonomy and paleoecology","author":"Hanson C. B.","year":"1980"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/icw065"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/evo.12576"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0094837300002165"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_42_1","first-page":"291","article-title":"Taphonomy of the Late Triassic Canjilon Quarry (Petrified Forest Formation: Chinle Group), north\u2010central New Mexico: Data from new excavations","volume":"21","author":"Hunt A. P.","year":"2002","journal-title":"New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2011.0399"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02724634.2021.1879100"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5962\/p.330830"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_46_1","first-page":"210","volume-title":"A ceratopsian bone bed from the Aguja Formation (Upper Cretaceous) Big Bend National Park, Texas: Unpublished M.S. Thesis","author":"Lehman T. M.","year":"1982"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_47_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Rotten Hill: A Late Triassic bonebed in the Texas panhandle, USA","volume":"72","author":"Lucas S. G.","year":"2016","journal-title":"New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science, Bulletin"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.palaeo.2010.10.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1666\/0094-8373(2005)031[0291:TEAFOT]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119990475.ch1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/pala.12419"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S009483730002011X"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5209\/rev_JIGE.2010.v36.n2.11"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0225345"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.a.20360"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaf0984"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.150439"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_58_1","first-page":"165","article-title":"Analogies in the evolution of display structures in ornithopods and ungulates","volume":"3","author":"Molnar R. E.","year":"1977","journal-title":"Evolutionary Theory"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.palaeo.2012.03.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1206\/352.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature22037"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/iob\/obz006"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7998.2010.00719.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1934999"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peterson J. E. & Bigalke C. L. (2013). Hydrodynamic behaviors of pachycephalosaurid domes in controlled fluvial settings: a case study in experimental dinosaur taphonomy.PALAIOS 28 285\u2013292.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2110\/palo.2013.p13-003r","DOI":"10.2110\/palo.2013.p13-003r"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.10627"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1671\/0272-4634(2003)23[128:PTANPC]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3514834"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_69_1","volume-title":"Osteology of the reptiles","author":"Romer A. S.","year":"1956"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1669\/0883-1351(2001)016<0482:TTOACO>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1933240"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cretres.2017.05.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1642\/AUK-14-203.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3515221"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/626490"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_76_1","volume-title":"Biometry","author":"Sokal R. R.","year":"1995"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep46028"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2021.0069"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.palaeo.2014.07.031"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jasc.1997.0257"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.palaeo.2006.11.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_82_1","volume-title":"Life in moving fluids, the physical biology of flow","author":"Vogel S.","year":"1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1307394"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_84_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Taphonomy and population dynamics of an early Pliocene vertebrate fauna, Knox County, Nebraska","author":"Voorhies M. R.","year":"1969","journal-title":"Contributions to Geology, University of Wyoming, Special Paper, 1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7208\/chicago\/9780226881683.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/zoolinnean\/zlw027"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0094837300026543"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_88_1","first-page":"19","volume-title":"Functional morphology in vertebrate paleontology","author":"Witmer L. M.","year":"1995"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-0182(73)90038-2"}],"container-title":["The Anatomical Record"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ar.25003","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/ar.25003","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/anatomypubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ar.25003","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T17:10:12Z","timestamp":1759943412000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/anatomypubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ar.25003"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,7]]},"references-count":88,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/ar.25003"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ar.25003","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-8486","1932-8494"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-8486","type":"print"},{"value":"1932-8494","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2022-02-22","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-05-13","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-06-07","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}