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Computed tomographic scans of 87 adult crania (174 sides) from four morphologically diverse groups (West Africans, East Africans, North Asians, Europeans) were utilized. Seven primary variables were collected: infraorbital canal (IOC) type; infraorbital foramen (IOF) shape; distance from the foramen rotundum to IOF (FR\u2010IOF); distance from the posterior wall of the infraorbital groove to IOF (IOG\u2010IOF); and MS length, breadth, and height. Chi\u2010square analyses indicated a significant association between IOC\u2010type and IOF\u2010shape (Pearson chi\u2010square\u00a0=\u00a012.710; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2010value\u00a0=\u00a0.013), with the most common pattern being oval IOFs and Type\u2010I IOCs (45.68% of the sample; 74\/162 sides). Analysis of covariance indicated a significant effect of ancestry (<jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a08.333; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.001) and MS length (<jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a015.406; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.001) on IOG\u2010IOF distance. Ordinal regression analyses indicated that MS length (Wald chi\u2010square\u00a0=\u00a07.103; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0.008) also maintained a significant effect on IOC\u2010type, while multinominal regression analyses indicated that none of the measured parameters had a significant effect on IOF\u2010shape. These results have clinical implications: recognizing IOC\u2010type and IOF\u2010shape relative to the MS is important to avoid ION damage during medical procedures. Overall, this study found most individuals possess Type\u2010I IOCs (housed in the maxillary sinus roof) and oval\u2010shaped IOFs. Most aspects of the ION pathway, including IOC\u2010type and IOF\u2010shape, were not influenced by ancestry or sex. However, antero\u2010posteriorly longer MSs tend to possess Type\u2010III IOCs protruding into the sinus, which could lead to surgical complications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.25007","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,28]],"date-time":"2022-05-28T01:31:21Z","timestamp":1653701481000},"page":"110-123","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Investigating the relationship between infraorbital canal morphology and maxillary sinus size"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"306","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0793-4717","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"SaCora A.","family":"Osbon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy College of Osteopathic Medicine, Des Moines University  Des Moines Iowa USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3743-2408","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lauren N.","family":"Butaric","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy College of Osteopathic Medicine, Des Moines University  Des Moines Iowa USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.22558"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5603\/FM.a2018.0084"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9416(55)90005-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3166\/bmsap-2019-0056"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","volume-title":"Standards for data collection from human skeletal remains: Proceedings of a seminar at the Field Museum of Natural History","author":"Buikstra J. 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