{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T00:50:58Z","timestamp":1759971058724,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,18]],"date-time":"2022-09-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1663459200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["31970411"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31970411"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["anatomypubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Anatomical Record"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Reversed sexual dimorphism (RSD) in size is a deep issue in evolutionary biology. RSD in body mass and linear measures is pronounced in diurnal predatory bird species, especially in those that feed on other birds. Size differences between males and females in internal organs or systems, such as the appendicular musculature, are less well known. In this study, 14 muscles related to toe closure in the Eurasian sparrowhawk (<jats:italic>Accipiter nisus<\/jats:italic>), a bird\u2010eating species, were selected for dissection and architectural measurement. The muscle mass (MM), physiological cross\u2010sectional area (PCSA), and fiber length (FL) were compared between sexes to detect the possible presence and\/or degree of RSD. The results revealed significant RSD in MM and PCSA and suggested a higher force\u2010generating capacity in females than in males. In females, greater strength in <jats:italic>M. tibialis cranialis<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>M. iliofibularis<\/jats:italic>, and six digital flexors enabled them to capture and carry larger prey, whereas more massive development in <jats:italic>M. abductor digiti<\/jats:italic> II and <jats:italic>M. abductor digiti<\/jats:italic> IV provided their feet with greater dexterity to improve the effectiveness of grasping larger mobile prey and preventing escape during capture. Fiber length did not show RSD. Generally, males had longer relative and absolute fiber length, indicative of enhanced working range and speed of contraction that was advantageous when hunting small prey. The differences between the sexes in architectural design and the high degree of RSD in MM and PCSA are correlated with the bird\u2010eating diet and prey size difference of this species.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.25066","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,31]],"date-time":"2022-08-31T04:59:42Z","timestamp":1661921982000},"page":"437-445","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Reversed sexual dimorphism in the leg muscle architecture of the Eurasian sparrowhawk"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"306","author":[{"given":"Lin","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Sciences Capital Normal University  Beijing People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mingjie","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Sciences Capital Normal University  Beijing People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2387-2162","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zihui","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Sciences Capital Normal University  Beijing People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","first-page":"164","article-title":"Bird weights as an aid in taxonomy","volume":"55","author":"Amadon D.","year":"1943","journal-title":"Wilson Bulletin"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1095-8312.1981.tb00752.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.140350"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","first-page":"99","article-title":"Muscle and tendon contributions to force, work, and elastic energy savings: A comparative perspective","volume":"28","author":"Biewener A.","year":"2000","journal-title":"Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.24195"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1469-7580.2003.00206.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1557-9263.2006.00003.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1366002"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1474-919X.2006.00541.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","unstructured":"Falster D. 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