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Due to the variable neuroanatomical resolution of vertebrate endocasts, direct information about the brain morphology can be sometimes difficult to assess and needs to be investigated across lineages. Here, we employ X\u2010ray computed tomography (CT), including diffusible iodine\u2010based contrast\u2010enhanced CT, to qualitatively compare brains and endocasts in different species of squamates. The relative position of the squamate brain within the skull, as well as the variability that may exist in such spatial relationships, was examined to help clarify the neurological regions evidence on their endocasts. Our results indicate that squamate endocasts provide variable representation of the brain, depending on species and neuroanatomical regions. The olfactory bulbs and peduncles, cerebral hemispheres, as well as the medulla oblongata represent the most easily discernable brain regions from squamate endocasts. In contrast, the position of the optic lobes, the ventral diencephalon and the pituitary may be difficult to determine depending on species. Finally, squamate endocasts provide very limited or no information about the cerebellum. The spatial relationships revealed here between the brain and the surrounding bones may help to identify each of the endocranial region. However, as one\u2010to\u2010one correspondences between a bone and a specific region appear limited, the exact delimitation of these regions may remain challenging according to species. This study provides a basis for further examination and interpretation of squamate endocast disparity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.25142","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,5]],"date-time":"2023-01-05T07:02:04Z","timestamp":1672902124000},"page":"2443-2465","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Endocast, brain, and bones: Correspondences and spatial relationships in squamates"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"306","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7912-7607","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"R\u00e9mi","family":"Allemand","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology University of Toronto Scarborough  Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jade","family":"Abdul\u2010Sater","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology University of Toronto Scarborough  Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simone","family":"Macr\u00ec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biotechnology, Helsinki Institute of Life Science University of Helsinki  Helsinki Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicolas","family":"Di\u2010Po\u00ef","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biotechnology, Helsinki Institute of Life Science University of Helsinki  Helsinki Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gheylen","family":"Daghfous","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biod\u00f4me de Montr\u00e9al  Montr\u00e9al Qu\u00e9bec Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary T.","family":"Silcox","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology University of Toronto Scarborough  Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,5]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","first-page":"98","article-title":"New records of Eurasian blind Snake, Xerotyphlops vermicularis (Merrem, 1820) from the Black Sea region of Turkey and its updated distribution","volume":"10","author":"Afsar M.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biharean Biologist"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","first-page":"125","article-title":"Community ecology of scincid lizards in a swamp rainforest of South\u2010Eastern Nigeria","volume":"9","author":"Akani G. 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