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Nectarivory has evolved many times in terrestrial vertebrates, and in four bat families (Pteropodidae, Phyllostomidae, Vespertilionidae, and Mystacinidae). Within phyllostomids, specializations to nectarivory have been well documented in two subfamilies, Glossophaginae and Lonchophyllinae. However, nectarivory has also evolved independently in the genus <jats:italic>Phyllostomus<\/jats:italic> (subfamily Phyllostominae). Since <jats:italic>Phyllostomus<\/jats:italic> species have an omnivorous diet with a high consumption of nectar, they can be used to explore the basic morphological modifications linked to evolving a nectarivorous habit. Here, we focused on describing and comparing the morphological features potentially associated with nectarivory in <jats:italic>Phyllostomus discolor<\/jats:italic>. We present the first detailed tongue and palate morphological descriptions for <jats:italic>P. discolor<\/jats:italic> and perform skull morphometric analysis including 10 species. We found hair\u2010like papillae on the tongue of <jats:italic>P. discolor<\/jats:italic>, a convergent feature with Glossophaginae and nectarivorous Pteropodids; these papillae likely confer an advantage when feeding on nectar. <jats:italic>P. discolor<\/jats:italic> does not show skull morphological features characteristic of nectarivorous bats, such as a long and narrow snout. We pose that the consumption of a variety of food, such as hard insects and fruits, and the large size of <jats:italic>P. discolor<\/jats:italic> relative to specialized nectarivores may create trade\u2010offs against morphological specialization of the skull towards nectarivory. In contrast, a long and mobile tongue with hair\u2010like papillae may be an evolutionary solution for nectar extraction that does not have a major impact on this species' ability to feed on other resources.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.25147","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,27]],"date-time":"2022-12-27T06:46:47Z","timestamp":1672123607000},"page":"2830-2841","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Morphological specialization to nectarivory in <i>Phyllostomus discolor<\/i> (<scp>Wagner<\/scp>, 1843) (<scp>Chiroptera<\/scp>: <scp>Phyllostomidae<\/scp>)"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"306","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9315-3417","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura L.","family":"Quinche","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Biolog\u00eda Universidad Nacional de Colombia  Bogot\u00e1 Colombia"},{"name":"Department of Biology University of Washington  Seattle Washington USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6463-3569","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sharlene E.","family":"Santana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology University of Washington  Seattle Washington USA"},{"name":"Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture  Seattle Washington USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4067-5312","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alejandro","family":"Rico\u2010Guevara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology University of Washington  Seattle Washington USA"},{"name":"Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture  Seattle Washington USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11259-013-9567-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2002.2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:osobl\/9780199207114.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7998.1999.tb00982.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1071\/ZO97005"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","unstructured":"Cogan M. M.(2002).Skull morphology in the pteropodidae: Insights into biomechanics diet and evolution(Publication No. 3010885) [Doctoral dissertation The University of Chicago]. ProQuest Dissertations Publishing."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2011.0336"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2148-10-165"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-8644(199702)102:2<187::AID-AJPA4>3.0.CO;2-W"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3161\/001.006.0105"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/icm007"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2535\/ofaj1936.78.4_123"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aob\/mcp197"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1095-8312.1995.tb01104.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","unstructured":"Freeman P. W.(1998).Form function and evolution in skulls and teeth of bats. Papers in natural Resources 9."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00442-013-2771-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_1","first-page":"293","volume-title":"Biology of bats of the new world family Phyllostomatidae. Part II","author":"Gardner A. 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W.(2001).Ecological morphology and nectar\u2010feeding performance in flower\u2010visiting bats (Publication No. 3026187) [PhD dissertation Kent State University Kent Ohio]. ProQuest Dissertations Publishing."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195154726.003.0007"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3626255"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7580.2008.00850.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_45_1","first-page":"157","volume-title":"Plant\u2013animal interactions: An evolutionary approach","author":"Pellmyr O.","year":"2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/z73-069"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7998.1986.tb01515.x"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_12_48_1","first-page":"153","article-title":"Taxonom\u00eda del g\u00e9nero Phyllostomus (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae) en Colombia","volume":"16","author":"Rodr\u00edguez\u2010Posada M. 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