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The removal of a significant part of the tongue has a marked effect on speech and swallowing function, as patients may lose not only the tongue muscles but also the median lingual septum (MLS). Therefore, to achieve successful tongue regeneration, it is necessary to investigate the developmental processes of not only the tongue muscles but also the MLS. This study was conducted to clarify the mutual development of the tongue muscles and the MLS in human fetuses. Serial or semi\u2010serial histological sections from 37 embryos and fetuses (aged 5\u201339\u2009weeks) as well as nine adults were analyzed. The MLS appeared at Carnegie stage 15 (CS15), and until 12\u2009weeks of gestation, abundant fibers of the intrinsic transverse muscle crossed the septum in the entire tongue. However, in near\u2010term fetuses and adults, the contralaterally extending muscles were restricted to the deepest layer just above the genioglossus muscle. This finding indicates that the crossing transverse muscle showed the highest density at mid\u2010term. A thorough understanding of both the MLS and the tongue muscles is necessary for successful tongue regeneration.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.25198","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,20]],"date-time":"2023-03-20T11:31:40Z","timestamp":1679311900000},"page":"426-441","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Development and growth of median structures in the human tongue: A histological study using human fetuses and adult cadavers"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"307","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9683-6678","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Masahito","family":"Yamamoto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy Tokyo Dental College  Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoshinosuke","family":"Hirota","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy Tokyo Dental College  Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Genji","family":"Watanabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy Tokyo Dental College  Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuichiro","family":"Taniguchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy Tokyo Dental College  Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gen","family":"Murakami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy Tokyo Dental College  Tokyo Japan"},{"name":"Division of Internal Medicine Cupid Clinic  Iwamizawa Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5423-4492","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Francisco","family":"Rodr\u00edguez\u2010V\u00e1zquez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Embryology, School of Medicine Complutense University  Madrid Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4632-9736","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shin\u2010ichi","family":"Abe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy Tokyo Dental College  Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22126365"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2535\/ofaj.87.49"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5005\/jp-journals-10009-1077"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MOO.0b013e3281fbd406"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2008-1080537"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.076653"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aanat.2019.151438"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/modpathol.2010.114"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2021.07.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","first-page":"126","article-title":"The development of the mouth openingand related reflexes involving the oral area of human fetus","volume":"5","author":"Humphrey T.","year":"1968","journal-title":"Alabama Journal of Medical Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00276-022-02907-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5115\/acb.2016.49.2.116"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5603\/FM.a2016.0019"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5115\/acb.20.326"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5106\/jjshns.29.291"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oraloncology.2013.03.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aja.1002020406"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","first-page":"447","article-title":"Meckelian articular complex","volume":"101","author":"M\u00e9rida\u2010Velasco J. 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