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Description of the Guercy 3 maxilla and dentition (7.0\u2009year\u2009\u00b1\u20090.9\u2009month) is based on observations of original fossils, casts, CT scans, literature descriptions, and virtual reconstructions. Our ontogenetic sample comprises a Preneanderthal\u2014Neanderthal group and a <jats:italic>Homo sapiens<\/jats:italic> group. These groups are subdivided into (1) Preneanderthals (\u2248MIS 14\u20139), Early Neanderthals (MIS 7\u20105e), and Late Neanderthals (MIS 5d\u20103), and (2) Middle (MIS 5), Upper (MIS 3\u20132), and Late Upper Paleolithic (\u2248MIS 1), and recent <jats:italic>H. sapiens.<\/jats:italic> Standard techniques were employed for measurements and developmental age determinations.The Guercy 3 maxilla lacks changes found in Late Neanderthals, including the positioning of the root of the zygomatic process, infraorbital and nasal plates, premaxilla, buccal and labial alveolus, maxillary sinus, nasal cavity, and verticality of anterior tooth implantation. The morphology of the Guercy 3 maxilla more closely approximates that of Sima de los Huesos Preneanderthals, while the dentition more closely approximates the Early\u2013Late Neanderthal condition. Maxillary remains of children and juveniles between MIS 14\u2013MIS 5e are rare, and the available sample is fragmentary and distorted. Although fragmentary, the Guercy 3 maxilla is undistorted and provides new insights into the evolution of the midface in Neanderthals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.25218","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,3]],"date-time":"2023-04-03T12:48:26Z","timestamp":1680526106000},"page":"2484-2513","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Neanderthal child's maxilla from Baume <scp>Moula\u2010Guercy<\/scp> (Soyons, Ard\u00e8che, France)"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"306","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5675-080X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gary D.","family":"Richards","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, A. A. 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