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Here, we examine the paranasal sinuses of the owl monkey (<jats:italic>Aotus<\/jats:italic> spp.) and a tamarin (<jats:italic>Saguinus midas<\/jats:italic>) across postnatal development. The prediction that paranasal sinuses grow disproportionately faster than the main nasal chamber is tested. We used diffusible iodine\u2010based contrast\u2010enhanced computed tomography and histology to study sinuses in eight <jats:italic>Aotus<\/jats:italic> and three tamarins ranging from newborn to adult ages. Sinuses were segmented at the mucosa\u2010air cavity interface and measured in volume. All sinuses were lined by a ciliated respiratory epithelium, except for the ethmoid air cells in <jats:italic>Aotus<\/jats:italic>, which are lined in part by olfactory epithelium. An age comparison indicates that only the maxillary sinus and ethmoid air cells are present in newborns, and two additional sinuses (invading the orbitosphenoid and the frontal bone), do not appear until late infancy or later. Comparing newborns and adults, the main nasal airway is 10 times larger in the adult <jats:italic>Aotus<\/jats:italic> and\u2009~\u20096.5 times larger in adult <jats:italic>Saguinus<\/jats:italic>. In contrast, the maxillary sinus far exceeds this magnitude of difference: 24 times larger in the adult <jats:italic>Aotus<\/jats:italic> and 46 times larger in adult <jats:italic>Saguinus.<\/jats:italic> The frontal sinuses add significantly to total paranasal space volume in both species, but this growth is likely delayed until juvenile age. Results suggest ethmoid air cells expand the least. These results support our prediction that most paranasal sinuses have a distinctly higher growth rate compared to the main nasal chamber.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.25222","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,15]],"date-time":"2023-04-15T03:25:17Z","timestamp":1681529117000},"page":"49-65","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Growth and microanatomy of the paranasal sinuses in two species of New World monkeys"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"307","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6883-8964","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Timothy D.","family":"Smith","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physical Therapy, Slippery Rock University  Slippery Rock Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S. James","family":"Zinreich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Russel H. Morgan Departments of Radiology The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions  Baltimore Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9764-1597","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samuel","family":"M\u00e1rquez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell Biology SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University  Brooklyn New York USA"},{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University  Brooklyn New York USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Scot E. E.","family":"King","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physical Therapy, Slippery Rock University  Slippery Rock Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sian","family":"Evans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dumond Conservancy  Miami Florida USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Valerie B.","family":"DeLeon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology University of Florida  Gainesville Florida USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,15]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","first-page":"81","article-title":"An allometric study of the frontal sinus in Gorilla, Pan and Pongo","volume":"47","journal-title":"Folia primatologica"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.23182"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.21331"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330260302"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.23025"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1096-3642.2009.00586.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","volume-title":"Living new world monkeys (Platyrrhini)","author":"Hershkovitz P.","year":"1977"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.22655"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11692-016-9369-4"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anorl.2021.04.005","article-title":"From ethmoidal air cells to ethmoturbinal passages","volume":"139","journal-title":"European Annals of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Diseases"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otohns.2004.11.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000016767"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.10303"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1469-7580.1997.19040533.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","first-page":"77","volume-title":"The paranasal sinuses of higher primates","author":"Koppe T.","year":"1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2019.04.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","first-page":"165","volume-title":"Mammal phylogeny"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.20785"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.20775"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","first-page":"237","article-title":"Density of goblet cells in the normal adult human nasal septum","volume":"141","author":"Mogensen C.","year":"1977","journal-title":"Anatomischer Anzeiger"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","first-page":"129","article-title":"Quantitative histology of the maxillary sinus","volume":"15","author":"Mogensen C.","year":"1977","journal-title":"Rhinology"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.10144"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.10008"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","volume-title":"Ontogeny, homology, and phylogenetic significance of anthropoid paranasal sinuses","author":"Rossie J. 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