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This is closely related to manipulative movements. The ulna is part of the elbow joint, whereas the radius and ulna together with the scaphoid and lunate bones, form the wrist joints. Thus, morphofunctional analysis of the adult Sima de los Huesos (SH) forearm bones, provides clues about manipulative activities in one Pleistocene population. From 1976 to the present, over 7000 human fossils have been recovered from the SH site. The radial sample comprised 98 labeled fragments, of which 49 belonged to adult individuals, representing at least 7 individuals. The ulnar sample included 31 labeled adult fossils representing at least nine individuals. In this study, we describe the SH radii and ulnae and analyze their functional implications for manipulative and forearm movements. We confirmed that the SH radii are long and curved, with variations in robusticity and radial tuberosity orientation. The SH ulnae are characterized by an anteriorly oriented trochlear notch, a massive olecranon process, an obliquely oriented radial notch, a blunt and short supinator crest, a gracile and curved diaphysis, and a round and anteriorly oriented pronator crests. In general, they exhibit Neanderthal morphology. The SH collection provides a unique opportunity to conduct morphological analyses of these bones in the Middle Pleistocene population.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.25281","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,24]],"date-time":"2023-06-24T13:50:26Z","timestamp":1687614626000},"page":"2550-2574","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Uncovering the adult morphology of the forearm bones from the Sima de los Huesos Site in Atapuerca (Spain), with comments on biomechanical features"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"307","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5090-1582","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Biodiversidad y Gesti\u00f3n Ambiental Universidad de Le\u00f3n, Facultad de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas y Ambientales  Le\u00f3n Spain"},{"name":"Laboratorio de Evoluci\u00f3n Humana Universidad de Burgos  Burgos Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1035-6655","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rebeca","family":"Garc\u00eda\u2010Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Evoluci\u00f3n Humana Universidad de Burgos  Burgos Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan Luis","family":"Arsuaga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro UCM\u2010ISCIII de Investigaci\u00f3n sobre Evoluci\u00f3n y Comportamiento Humanos  Madrid Spain"},{"name":"Departamento de Geodin\u00e1mica, Estratigraf\u00eda y Paleontolog\u00eda, Facultad de Ciencias Geol\u00f3gicas Universidad Complutense de Madrid  Madrid Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0409-8087","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9\u2010Miguel","family":"Carretero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Evoluci\u00f3n Humana Universidad de Burgos  Burgos Spain"},{"name":"Centro UCM\u2010ISCIII de Investigaci\u00f3n sobre Evoluci\u00f3n y Comportamiento Humanos  Madrid Spain"},{"name":"Unidad Asociada de I+D+I al CSIC Vidrio y Materiales del Patrimonio Cultural (VIMPAC)  Burgos Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","volume-title":"An Introduction to Human Evolutionary Anatomy","author":"Aiello L. 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