{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T03:51:00Z","timestamp":1789530660599,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,27]],"date-time":"2023-07-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690416000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009633","name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009633","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000072","name":"National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000072","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["anatomypubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Anatomical Record"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Most bone develops either by intramembranous ossification where bone forms within a soft connective tissue, or by endochondral ossification by way of a cartilage anlagen or model. Bones of the skull can form endochondrally or intramembranously or represent a combination of the two types of ossification. Contrary to the classical definition of intramembranous ossification, we have previously described a tight temporo\u2010spatial relationship between cranial cartilages and dermal bone formation and proposed a mechanistic relationship between chondrocranial cartilage and dermal bone. Here, we further investigate this relationship through an analysis of how cells organize to form cranial cartilages and dermal bone. Using Wnt1\u2010Cre2 and Mesp1\u2010Cre transgenic mice, we determine the derivation of cells that comprise cranial cartilages from either cranial neural crest (CNC) or paraxial mesoderm (PM). We confirm a previously determined CNC\u2010PM boundary that runs through the hypophyseal fenestra in the cartilaginous braincase floor and identify four additional CNC\u2010PM boundaries in the chondrocranial lateral wall, including a boundary that runs along the basal and apical ends of the hypochiasmatic cartilage. Based on the knowledge that as osteoblasts differentiate from CNC\u2010 and PM\u2010derived mesenchyme, the differentiating cells express the transcription factor genes\n                    <jats:italic>RUNX2<\/jats:italic>\n                    and osterix (\n                    <jats:italic>OSX<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), we created a new transgenic mouse line called R2Tom. R2Tom mice carry a tdTomato reporter gene joined with an evolutionarily well\u2010conserved enhancer sequence of\n                    <jats:italic>RUNX2<\/jats:italic>\n                    . R2Tom mice crossed with Osx\u2010GFP mice yield R2Tom;Osx\u2010GFP double transgenic mice in which various stages of osteoblasts and their precursors are detected with different fluorescent reporters. We use the R2Tom;Osx\u2010GFP mice, new data on the cell derivation of cranial cartilages, histology, immunohistochemistry, and detailed morphological observations combined with data from other investigators to summarize the differentiation of cranial mesenchyme as it forms condensations that become chondrocranial cartilages and associated dermal bones of the lateral cranial wall. These data advance our previous findings of a tendency of cranial cartilage and dermal bone development to vary jointly in a coordinated manner, promoting a role for cranial cartilages in intramembranous bone formation.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.25295","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,27]],"date-time":"2023-07-27T07:46:50Z","timestamp":1690444010000},"page":"1972-1993","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Come together over me: Cells that form the dermatocranium and chondrocranium in mice"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"308","author":[{"given":"M. Kathleen","family":"Pitirri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology The Pennsylvania State University  University Park Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0239-5822","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joan T.","family":"Richtsmeier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology The Pennsylvania State University  University Park Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0756-8072","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mizuho","family":"Kawasaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology The Pennsylvania State University  University Park Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-2218-6546","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abigail P.","family":"Coupe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology The Pennsylvania State University  University Park Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3412-221X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susan Motch","family":"Perrine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology The Pennsylvania State University  University Park Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1090-5340","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kazuhiko","family":"Kawasaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology The Pennsylvania State University  University Park Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.1017802"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0504750102"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","volume-title":"Hand Book of Histology Methods for Bone and Cartilage","author":"Bauer T.","year":"2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aanat.2021.151704"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0076-6879(93)25031-V"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1877609401002010067"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2020.115409"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.devcel.2005.03.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","volume-title":"The Development of the Vertebrate Skull","author":"Beer G. 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