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Here, attention is focused on muscles of the forelimb. Understanding forelimb muscular anatomy in extinct synapsids, and how this changed on the line to mammals, can provide important perspective for interpreting skeletal and functional evolution in this lineage, and how the diversity of forelimb functions in extant mammals arose. This study surveyed the osteological evidence for muscular attachments in extinct mammalian and nonmammalian synapsids, two extinct amniote outgroups, and a large selection of extant mammals, saurians, and salamanders. Observations were integrated into an explicit phylogenetic framework, comprising 73 character\u2013state complexes covering all muscles crossing the shoulder, elbow, and wrist joints. These were coded for 33 operational taxonomic units spanning &gt;330\u2009Ma of tetrapod evolution, and ancestral state reconstruction was used to evaluate the sequence of muscular evolution along the stem lineage from Amniota to Theria. In addition to producing a comprehensive documentation of osteological evidence for muscle attachments in extinct synapsids, this work has clarified homology hypotheses across disparate taxa and helped resolve competing hypotheses of muscular anatomy in extinct species. The evolutionary history of mammalian forelimb musculature was a complex and nonlinear narrative, punctuated by multiple instances of convergence and concentrated phases of anatomical transformation. More broadly, this study highlights the great insight that a fossil\u2010based perspective can provide for understanding the assembly of novel body plans.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.25312","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,20]],"date-time":"2023-09-20T01:53:02Z","timestamp":1695174782000},"page":"1764-1825","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["The fossil record of appendicular muscle evolution in\n                    <scp>Synapsida<\/scp>\n                    on the line to mammals: Part I\u2014Forelimb"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"307","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2702-0557","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter J.","family":"Bishop","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Museum of Comparative Zoology and Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology Harvard University  Cambridge Massachusetts USA"},{"name":"Geosciences Program Queensland Museum  Brisbane Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0717-1841","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephanie E.","family":"Pierce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Museum of Comparative Zoology and Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology Harvard University  Cambridge Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-4983.2007.00646.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/zoolinnean\/zlz004"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1666\/13-186"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-4983.2008.00784.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7580.2010.01278.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-6395.2006.00215.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.12245"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4612-2784-7_37"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/9783110341553-005"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1671\/039.029.0427"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2108\/zs130062"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-04963-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","first-page":"59","article-title":"The morphology and relationships of a complete therocephalian skeleton from the Cistecephalus zone of South Africa","volume":"66","author":"Attridge J.","year":"1956","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, Series B"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1071\/ZO9630488"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","first-page":"593","article-title":"The evolution of some traction epiphyses in birds and mammals","volume":"92","author":"Barnett C. 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