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Upper and lower human lips (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20095) from non\u2010embalmed frozen cadavers were immunostained for detection of S100 protein (to identify nerves and sensory nerve formations), myosin heavy chain (to label muscle fibers within muscle spindles), and the mechano\u2010gated ion channel PIEZO2. No muscle spindles were found, but there was a high density of sensory nerve formations, which were morphologically heterogeneous, and in some cases resemble Ruffini\u2010like and Pacinian sensory corpuscles. The axons of these sensory formations displayed immunoreactivity for PIEZO2. Human lip muscles lack typical proprioceptors but possess a dense sensory innervation which can serve the lip proprioception.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.25324","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,15]],"date-time":"2023-09-15T10:39:51Z","timestamp":1694774391000},"page":"669-676","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Proprioceptive innervation of the human lips"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"307","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4496-6582","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Mart\u00edn\u2010Cruces","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Morfolog\u00eda y Biolog\u00eda Celular, Grupo SINPOS Universidad de Oviedo  Oviedo 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