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The submandibular gland contained abundant periductal Syn\u2010immunoreactive (\u2212ir) nerve fibers. Abundant Syn\u2010ir varicosities were present in acini of the sublingual and serous lingual glands. By confocal laser scanning microscopy, Syn\u2010ir nerve fibers around smooth muscle actin (SMA)\u2010ir cells alone were infrequent; however, those around aquaporin\u20105 (AQP5)\u2010ir cells alone and both SMA\u2010 and AQP5\u2010ir cells were abundant in the sublingual and serous lingual glands. SMA\u2010ir cells were occasionally immunoreactive for toll\u2010like receptor 4, a Syn receptor. Syn\u2010ir nerve fibers contained tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) in the submandibular gland and choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) in all examined salivary glands. In the superior cervical (SCG), submandibular, and intralingual ganglia, sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons co\u2010expressed Syn with TH and ChAT, respectively. SCG neurons innervating the submandibular gland contained mostly Syn. In the thoracic spinal cord, 14.7% of ChAT\u2010ir preganglionic sympathetic neurons co\u2010expressed Syn. In the superior salivatory nucleus, preganglionic parasympathetic neurons projecting to the lingual nerve co\u2010expressed Syn and ChAT. The present findings indicate that released Syn acts on myoepithelial cells. 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