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Neandertals show significant metric and morphological differences in these two anatomical regions, when compared to <jats:italic>Homo sapiens<\/jats:italic>. Thus, the important fossil record from the Middle Pleistocene site of Sima de los Huesos (SH) not only offers important information on the evolution of these anatomical regions within the Neandertal lineage but also provides important clues to understand the evolution of these regions at the genus level. We present the current knowledge of the costal skeleton, and the thoracic and lumbar spine anatomy of the hominins found in Sima de los Huesos compared to that of Neandertals and modern humans. The current SH fossil record comprises 738 vertebral specimens representing a minimum of 70 cervical, 95 thoracic and 47 lumbar vertebrae, 652 rib fragments representing a minimum of 118 ribs, and 26 sternal fragments representing 4 sterna. The SH hominins exhibit a morphological pattern in their thorax and lumbar spine more similar to that of Neandertals than to that of <jats:italic>H. sapiens<\/jats:italic>, which is consistent with the phylogenetic position of these hominins. However, there are some differences between the SH hominins and Neandertals in these anatomical regions, primarily in the orientation of the lumbar transverse processes and in the robusticity of the second ribs. The presence of some but not all of the suite of Neandertal\u2010derived features is consistent with the pattern found in the cranium and other postcranial regions of this population.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.25414","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,7]],"date-time":"2024-03-07T06:14:36Z","timestamp":1709792076000},"page":"2465-2490","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["The Sima de los Huesos thorax and lumbar spine: Selected traits and state\u2010of\u2010the\u2010art"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"307","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7831-3902","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Asier","family":"G\u00f3mez\u2010Olivencia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dept. Geolog\u00eda, Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnolog\u00eda Universidad del Pa\u00eds Vasco\/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV\/EHU)  Leioa Spain"},{"name":"Sociedad de Ciencias Aranzadi  Donostia\u2010San Sebasti\u00e1n Spain"},{"name":"Centro UCM\u2010ISCIII de Investigaci\u00f3n sobre Evoluci\u00f3n y Comportamiento Humanos  Madrid Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5361-2295","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan Luis","family":"Arsuaga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro UCM\u2010ISCIII de Investigaci\u00f3n sobre Evoluci\u00f3n y Comportamiento Humanos  Madrid Spain"},{"name":"Departamento de Geodin\u00e1mica, Estratigraf\u00eda y Paleontolog\u00eda, Facultad de Ciencias Geol\u00f3gicas Universidad Complutense de Madrid  Madrid Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","volume-title":"An introduction to human evolutionary anatomy","author":"Aiello L.","year":"1990"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2017.01.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.23950"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0914614107"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1514828112"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.277.5329.1086"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/20430"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1253958"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2017.03.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2014.10.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41559-020-1240-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.23503"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","volume-title":"The anatomy of the lumbar spine of Homo neanderthalensis and its phylogenetic and functional implications","author":"Been E.","year":"2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.21633"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.22507"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.23559"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.21256"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1012131107"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","first-page":"111","article-title":"L'homme fossile de la Chapelle aux Saints","volume":"6","author":"Boule M.","year":"1911","journal-title":"Annales de Pal\u00e9ontologie"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/316788a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","first-page":"120","volume-title":"Miscel\u00e1nea en homenaje a Emiliano Aguirre. 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