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As a craniometric landmark, the pterion has a taxonomic valence, in addition to a common neurosurgical entry point in medicine. Variation in the articulation patterns at the pterion have been documented between primate species yet have a high degree of uniformity within species, suggesting a genetic control for this complex region of the skull. In this study, pterion pattern variation was investigated in 1627 Rhesus macaque crania of the Cayo Santiago colony. The colony's associated skeletal collections accompany known age, sex, and maternal lineages. Pterion pattern prevalence rates were tested against matrilines, as well as cranial shape, and cranial sutural fusion ages (including individuals with prematurely fused sutures). Five patterns were identified, the most prominent being the prevailing Old World Monkey frontotemporal (FT) articulation (83.4%). The relative frequency of those not exhibiting the FT pattern was found to vary considerably between matrilineal families (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.037), ranging from 5.3% to 34.2%. Mothers with the non\u2010FT pterion pattern were three times as likely to bear non\u2010FT offspring. Cranial shape additionally varied with pterion type. Males exhibiting zygomaticotemporal (ZT) and sphenoparietal (SP) articulations possessed a relatively longer and narrower cranium than those with the default FT type (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Cranial sutural fusion ages were not found to differ between pterion types, though all individuals with craniosynostosis (6; 0.38%) exhibited the FT type. The study provided strong evidence for a genetic source for pterion pattern as well as outlining a relatively novel relationship with cranial shape and sutural fusion ages. A unifying explanation may lie in those genes involved in both sutural and craniofacial development, or in the variation of brain growth processes channeling sutural articulation at the pterion. Both may be heritable and responsible for producing observed matrilineal differences in the pterion.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.25417","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,23]],"date-time":"2024-02-23T21:35:15Z","timestamp":1708724115000},"page":"3139-3151","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Pterion variation in the skulls of rhesus macaques from Cayo Santiago: Inheritance, development, and pathology"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"307","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8365-3127","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"George","family":"Francis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences Texas A&amp;M University School of Dentistry  Dallas Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3303-1183","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qian","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences Texas A&amp;M University School of Dentistry  Dallas Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adejuwon S. A. Olopade F. E. &Bolaji M.(2013).Study of the location and morphology of the pterion in adult Nigerian skulls.International Scholarly Research Notices 2013 403937.","DOI":"10.5402\/2013\/403937"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330180216"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.01.122"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00302696"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chopra S. R. K.(1957).The cranial suture closure in monkeys.Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London.128(1) 67\u2013112.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1096-3642.1957.tb00257.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-81265-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330080303"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","unstructured":"Conklin M. A. Smith T. D. &DeLeon V. B.(2023).Predicting adult primate pterion suture patterns through newborn cranial bone development[Abstract]. Anatomy Connected Washington D.C."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-012-0115-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.16965\/ijar.2017.198"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jre.12610"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2003-812434"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.200815"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajp.22729"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.24748"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","first-page":"55","volume":"180","author":"Francis G.","year":"2023","journal-title":"American Journal of Biological Anthropology"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2016.08.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","unstructured":"Gamet N.(2017). \u201cInvestigating pterion from two perspectives: Phylogenetics and biomechanics\u201d. WWU Graduate School Collection 5."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1139247"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajp.22376"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","unstructured":"Guatelli\u2010Steinberg D. Guerrieri T. Samuel L. Kensler T. Kohn L. Zhao M. Francis G. &Wang Q.(2023).Revisiting linear enamel hypoplasia in Cayo Santiago rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta): Is there a matriline effect? [Abstract].American Journal of Biological Anthropology 180(S75) 67."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","first-page":"157","article-title":"Investigating the variation at pterion across platyrrhines, with special attention to Alouatta","volume":"156","author":"Halenar L. B.","year":"2015","journal-title":"American Journal of Physical Anthropology"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","volume":"177","author":"Halenar\u2010Price L. 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