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Hypotheses about the function of hypertrophied canines range from display and conspecific interaction, soft food processing, to active prey acquisition. Recent research on the ontogenetic timing of skull traits indicates the adult canine can take years to fully erupt, but the consequences of prolonged eruption on inferences of canine functional morphology are missing from current discourse and have not been quantified. Here I evaluate hypotheses about adult canine bending strength and stiffness, respectively, during eruption in the felid <jats:italic>Smilodon fatalis<\/jats:italic>. Simulated eruption sequences of three adult canines were generated from specimen models to assess shifting cross\u2010sectional geometry properties, and bending strength and stiffness under laterally directed loads were estimated using finite element analysis. Consistent with beam theory expectations, <jats:italic>S. fatalis<\/jats:italic> canine cross\u2010sectional geometry is optimized for increased bending strength with increased erupted height. However, canine cross\u2010sectional geometry changes through eruption exaggerate rather than minimize lateral deflection. Spatial constraint for maximum root length from adjacent sensory structures in the maxilla and the recently identified universal power law are hypothesized to limit the growth capacity of canine anteroposterior length and, consequently, maintenance of bending stiffness through eruption. Instead, the joint presence of the deciduous and adult canines for &gt;50% of the adult canine eruption period effectively increases canine mediolateral width and brings bending strength and stiffness estimates closer to theoretical optima. Similarly prolonged retention of deciduous canines in other sabertooths suggests dual\u2010canine buttressing is a convergently evolved strategy to maximize bending strength and stiffness.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.25447","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,8]],"date-time":"2024-04-08T08:45:00Z","timestamp":1712565900000},"page":"2994-3006","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Bending performance changes during prolonged canine eruption in saber\u2010toothed carnivores: A case study of <i>Smilodon fatalis<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"308","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5335-4230","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Z. Jack","family":"Tseng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrative Biology and Museum of Paleontology University of California  Berkeley California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0024971"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02724634.1999.10011190"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1382786"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02724634.1996.10011336"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02724630903413016"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02724634.1988.10011712"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7998.1990.tb06015.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1096-3642.2007.00321.x"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","first-page":"302","article-title":"A skull of Machairodus horribilis and new evidence for gigantism as a mode of mosaic evolution in machairodonts (Felidae, carnivora)","volume":"54","author":"Deng T.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vertebrata Palasiatica"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-09480-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtbi.2008.08.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0094837300006813"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12915-021-00990-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.palaeo.2004.01.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2110\/palo.2007.p07-079r"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2018.08.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7998.2006.00194.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7998.2007.00325.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-023-04624-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2020.1818"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Accounting for differences in element size and homogeneity when comparing finite element models: Armadillos as a case study","volume":"19","author":"Marc\u00e9 Nogu\u00e9 J.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Palaeontologia Electronica"},{"issue":"8","key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","first-page":"141","article-title":"Functional morphology and the evolution of cats","volume":"287","author":"Martin L. 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