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This dysmorphology includes midline facial elongation, frontonasal anomalies and a sexually dimorphic deviation from normal directional asymmetry of the face, with male patients showing reduced and female patients showing enhanced facial asymmetry relative to healthy control subjects. GFAP.HMOX1<jats:sup>0\u201012m<\/jats:sup> transgenic mice (<jats:italic>Mus musculus<\/jats:italic>) that overexpress heme oxygenase\u20101 in astrocytes recapitulate many schizophrenia\u2010relevant neurochemical, neuropathological and behavioral features. As morphogenesis of the brain, skull and face are highly interrelated, we hypothesized that GFAP.HMOX1<jats:sup>0\u201012m<\/jats:sup> mice may exhibit craniofacial anomalies similar to those reported in persons with schizophrenia. We examined craniofacial anatomy in male GFAP.HMOX1<jats:sup>0\u201012m<\/jats:sup> mice and wild\u2010type control mice at the early adulthood age of 6\u20138\u2009months. We used computer vision techniques for the extraction and analysis of mouse head shape parameters from systematically acquired 2D digital images, and confirmed our results with landmark\u2010based geometric morphometrics. We performed skull bone morphometry using digital calipers to take linear distance measurements between known landmarks. Relative to controls, adult male GFAP.HMOX1<jats:sup>0\u201012m<\/jats:sup> mice manifested craniofacial dysmorphology including elongation of the nasal bones, alteration of head shape anisotropy and reduction of directional asymmetry in facial shape features. These findings demonstrate that GFAP.HMOX1<jats:sup>0\u201012m<\/jats:sup> mice exhibit craniofacial anomalies resembling those described in schizophrenia patients, implicating heme oxygenase\u20101 in their development. As a preclinical mouse model, GFAP.HMOX1<jats:sup>0\u201012m<\/jats:sup> mice provide a novel opportunity for the study of the etiopathogenesis of craniofacial and other anomalies in schizophrenia and related disorders.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.25449","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,12]],"date-time":"2024-04-12T06:18:56Z","timestamp":1712902736000},"page":"3529-3547","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Craniofacial anomalies in schizophrenia\u2010relevant GFAP.HMOX1<sup>0\u201012m<\/sup> mice"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"307","author":[{"given":"Ayda","family":"Tavitian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery McGill University  Montreal Quebec Canada"},{"name":"Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research Jewish General Hospital  Montreal Quebec Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Somech","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research Jewish General Hospital  Montreal Quebec Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Badrouyk","family":"Chamlian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research Jewish General Hospital  Montreal Quebec Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adrienne","family":"Liberman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research Jewish General Hospital  Montreal Quebec Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carmela","family":"Galindez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research Jewish General Hospital  Montreal Quebec Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyman M.","family":"Schipper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery McGill University  Montreal Quebec Canada"},{"name":"Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research Jewish General Hospital  Montreal Quebec Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bdi.12211"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/36.2.147"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/93.3.491"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.14-03-01030.1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.162.3.606"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ede.12402"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0096889"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0400869101"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbv014"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-018-0216-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dvdy.24370"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034516637045"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2017.00235"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-012369454-6\/50074-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.91.20.9302"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.83.6.664"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2014.03.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.2001.0857"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1991.tb01825.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2017.167"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2008.18"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2003.08.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2006.03.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0920-9964(98)00077-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2020.115789"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2019.03.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","unstructured":"ISO. 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