{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T14:21:27Z","timestamp":1788877287179,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,27]],"date-time":"2024-05-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1716768000000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,27]],"date-time":"2024-05-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1716768000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001491","name":"Belgian American Educational Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001491","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DBI 2128146"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DBI 2128146"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["anatomypubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Anatomical Record"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The evolution of organisms can be studied through the lens of developmental systems, as the timing of development of morphological features is an important aspect to consider when studying a phenotype. Such data can be challenging to obtain in fossil amniotes owing to the scarcity of their fossil record. However, the numerous remains of Rancho La Brea allow a detailed study of the postnatal changes in an extinct sabertoothed felid: <jats:italic>Smilodon fatalis<\/jats:italic>. Despite numerous previous studies on the ontogeny of <jats:italic>Smilodon<\/jats:italic>, an important question remained open: how did the cubs of <jats:italic>Smilodon<\/jats:italic> acquire and process food? By applying 3D geometric morphometrics and finite element analyses to 49 mandibles at various developmental stages (22 of <jats:italic>S. fatalis<\/jats:italic>, 23 of <jats:italic>Panthera le<\/jats:italic>o, and 4 of early diverging felids), we assess the changes in mandibular shape and performance during growth. Both lions and sabertooths exhibit a shift in mandibular shape, aligning with eruption of the lower carnassial. This marks the end of weaning in lions and suggests a prolonged weaning period in <jats:italic>S. fatalis<\/jats:italic> owing to its delayed eruption sequence. We also highlight distinct ontogenetic trajectories, with <jats:italic>S. fatalis<\/jats:italic> undergoing more postnatal mandibular shape changes. Finally, although <jats:italic>S. fatalis<\/jats:italic> appears more efficient than <jats:italic>P. leo<\/jats:italic> at performing an anchor bite, this efficiency is acquired through ontogeny and at a quite late age. The delayed shape change compared with <jats:italic>P. leo<\/jats:italic> and the low biting efficiency during the growth in <jats:italic>Smilodon<\/jats:italic> could indicate an extended duration of the parental care compared with <jats:italic>P. leo<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.25504","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,27]],"date-time":"2024-05-27T06:09:30Z","timestamp":1716790170000},"page":"2976-2993","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Growing sabers: Mandibular shape and biomechanical performance trajectories during the ontogeny of <scp><i>Smilodon fatalis<\/i><\/scp>"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"308","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0449-8574","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Narimane","family":"Chatar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Evolution and Diversity Dynamics Lab, UR Geology Universit\u00e9 de Li\u00e8ge  Li\u00e8ge Belgium"},{"name":"Functional Anatomy and Vertebrate Evolution Lab, Department of Integrative Biology University of California  Berkeley California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4883-0383","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Romain","family":"Boman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, Non\u2010Linear Computational Mechanics (MN2L) Research Group Universit\u00e9 de Li\u00e8ge  Li\u00e8ge Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8808-6747","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valentin","family":"Fischer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Evolution and Diversity Dynamics Lab, UR Geology Universit\u00e9 de Li\u00e8ge  Li\u00e8ge Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0307-4975","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valentina","family":"Segura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad Ejecutora Lillo Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas y T\u00e9cnicas (conicet)\u2013Fundaci\u00f3n Miguel Lillo  San Miguel de Tucum\u00e1n Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clara","family":"Jul\u00e9mont","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Evolution and Diversity Dynamics Lab, UR Geology Universit\u00e9 de Li\u00e8ge  Li\u00e8ge Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5335-4230","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Z. Jack","family":"Tseng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Functional Anatomy and Vertebrate Evolution Lab, Department of Integrative Biology University of California  Berkeley California USA"},{"name":"University of California Museum of Paleontology, Department of Integrative Biology University of California  Berkeley California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/2041-210X.12035"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5962\/p.226830"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/20.4.653"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0094837300006588"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2979\/6787.0"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00300-008-0435-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0162270"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7998.2000.tb00622.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","volume-title":"Morphometric tools for landmark data","author":"Bookstein F.","year":"1991"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2008.0526"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/2041-210X.14051"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10914-021-09541-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2022.1627"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1096-3642.2007.00321.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0002807"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1096-3642.2010.00675.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0029699"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0048352"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.1052130211"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1654-1103.2003.tb02228.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","volume-title":"The mammalian radiations: An analysis of trends in evolution, adaptation, and behavior","author":"Eisenberg J. 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