{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T18:33:48Z","timestamp":1792607628296,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":105,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,4]],"date-time":"2024-07-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1720051200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,4]],"date-time":"2024-07-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1720051200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["anatomypubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Anatomical Record"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Headbutting is a combative behavior most popularly portrayed and exemplified in the extant bighorn sheep (\n                    <jats:italic>Ovis canadensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    ). When behaviorally proposed in extinct taxa, these organisms are oft depicted\n                    <jats:italic>Ovis<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2010like as having used modified cranial structures to combatively slam into one another. The combative behavioral hypothesis of headbutting has a long and rich history in the vertebrate fossil literature (not just within Dinosauria), but the core of this behavioral hypothesis in fossil terrestrial vertebrates is associated with an enlarged osseous cranial dome\u2014an osteological structure with essentially no current counterpart. One confounding issue found in the literature is that while the term \u201cheadbutting\u201d sounds simplistic enough, little terminology has been used to describe this hypothesized behavior. And pertinent to this special issue, potential brain trauma and the merits of such proposed pugilism have been assessed largely from the potential deformation of the overlying osseous structure; despite the fact that extant taxa readily show that brain damage can and does occur without osteological compromise. Additionally, the extant taxa serving as the behavioral counterpart for comparison are critical, not only because of the combative behaviors and morphologies they display, but also the way they engage in such behavior. Sheep (\n                    <jats:italic>Ovis<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), warthogs (\n                    <jats:italic>Phacochoerus<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), and bison (\n                    <jats:italic>Bison<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) all engage in various forms of \u201cheadbutting\u201d, but the cranial morphologies and the way each engages in combat is markedly different. To hypothesize that an extinct organism engaged in headbutting like an extant counterpart in theory implies specific striking:contacting surfaces, speed, velocity, and overall how that action was executed. This review examines the history and usage of the headbutting behavioral hypothesis in these dome\u2010headed fossil taxa, their respective extant behavioral counterparts, and proposes a protocol for specific behavioral terms relating to headbutting to stem future confusion. We also discuss the disparate morphology of combative cranial structures in the fossil record, and the implications of headbutting\u2010induced brain injury in extinct taxa. Finally, we conclude with some potential implications for artistic reconstructions of fossil taxa regarding this behavioral repertoire.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.25526","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,5]],"date-time":"2024-07-05T01:19:34Z","timestamp":1720142374000},"page":"1235-1256","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Headbutting through time: A review of this hypothesized behavior in \u201cdome\u2010headed\u201d fossil taxa"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"309","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3728-134X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"D. Cary","family":"Woodruff","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Phillip and Patricia Frost Museum of Science  Miami Florida USA"},{"name":"Museum of the Rockies  Bozeman Montana USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8336-1888","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicole L.","family":"Ackermans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Arts and Sciences, Department of Biological Sciences University of Alabama  Tuscaloosa Alabama USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2023.08.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_1","unstructured":"Ackermans N. L. & Reidenberg J. S. (2024).Anatomical description of the muskox braincase. 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