{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T03:13:58Z","timestamp":1785813238642,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,3]],"date-time":"2024-08-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722643200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,3]],"date-time":"2024-08-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722643200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["anatomypubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Anatomical Record"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    African wild dogs (\n                    <jats:italic>Lycaon pictus<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) are unique among canids in their specialized hunting strategies and social organization. Unlike other, more omnivorous canids,\n                    <jats:italic>L. pictus<\/jats:italic>\n                    is a hypercarnivore that consumes almost exclusively meat, particularly prey larger than its body size, which it hunts through cooperative, exhaustive predation tactics. Its bite force is also among the highest reported for carnivorans. Here, we dissected an adult male\n                    <jats:italic>L. pictus<\/jats:italic>\n                    specimen and conducted diffusion iodine contrast\u2010enhanced computed tomography (diceCT) scans to evaluate and describe its masticatory and oral cavity musculature. Muscles of mastication in\n                    <jats:italic>L. pictus<\/jats:italic>\n                    are separated by deep layers of thick intermuscular fascia and deep insertions. The superficial surface of m. masseter is entirely covered by an extremely thick masseteric fascia. Deep to m. masseter pars reflexa and superficialis are additional bellies, m. masseter pars profunda and zygomaticomandibularis. Musculus temporalis in\n                    <jats:italic>L. pictus<\/jats:italic>\n                    , divides into suprazygomatic, superficial, and deep bellies separated by a deep layer of thick intermuscular fascia, and it inserts along the entire rostral margin of the mandibular ramus. Musculus digastricus appears to comprise a single, large fusiform belly which appears to receive its innervation exclusively from CN V3 (nervus mandibularis, division of nervus trigeminus). Musculus pterygoideus medialis and lateralis are each composed of a single, deep belly. However, despite its great bite force, the jaw adductor muscle mass in\n                    <jats:italic>L. pictus<\/jats:italic>\n                    is not increased for its body size over other canid taxa. This finding suggests there are other architectural adaptations to hypercarnivory beyond increased muscle volume (e.g., pennation angle, greater strength, optimization of lever arms for mechanical advantage).\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.25547","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,3]],"date-time":"2024-08-03T07:13:51Z","timestamp":1722669231000},"page":"2395-2410","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["African wild dog (\n                    <i>Lycaon pictus<\/i>\n                    ) masticatory apparatus and oral cavity morphology"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"309","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3738-0903","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heather F.","family":"Smith","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy Midwestern University  Glendale Arizona USA"},{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Midwestern University  Glendale Arizona USA"},{"name":"School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University  Tempe Arizona USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Felicia A.","family":"Rocco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Midwestern University  Glendale Arizona USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mia A.","family":"Felix","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Midwestern University  Glendale Arizona USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dominik","family":"Valdez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy Midwestern University  Glendale Arizona USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3055-8438","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leigha M.","family":"Lynch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy Midwestern University  Glendale Arizona USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7998.1992.tb04450.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1096-3642.1946.tb00117.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.7467"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/j.ctv39x6vm"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1890\/0012-9658(2007)88[347:BFAEAT]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-1795.1998.tb00220.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jzo.12030"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","unstructured":"Davis J. 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