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While turbinals are well known in some groups, their diversity is poorly understood at the scale of placental mammals, which span 21 orders. Here, we investigated the turbinal bones and associated lamellae for one representative of each extant order of placental mammals. We segmented and isolated each independent turbinal and lamella and found an important diversity of variation in the number of turbinals, as well as their size, and shape. We found that the turbinal count varies widely, from zero in the La Plata dolphin, (\n                    <jats:italic>Pontoporia blainvillei<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) to about 110 in the African bush elephant (\n                    <jats:italic>Loxodonta africana<\/jats:italic>\n                    ). Multiple turbinal losses and additional gains took place along the phylogeny of placental mammals. Some changes are clearly attributed to ecological adaptation, while others are probably related to phylogenetic inertia. In addition, this work highlights the problem of turbinal nomenclature in some placental orders with numerous and highly complex turbinals, for which homologies are extremely difficult to resolve. Therefore, this work underscores the importance of developmental studies to better clarify turbinal homology and nomenclature and provides a standardized comparative framework for further research.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.25552","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,5]],"date-time":"2024-08-05T03:01:26Z","timestamp":1722826886000},"page":"749-777","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Disparity of turbinal bones in placental mammals"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"309","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7127-4012","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Quentin","family":"Martinez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Staatliches Museum f\u00fcr Naturkunde Stuttgart  Stuttgart Germany"},{"name":"Institut des Sciences de l'\u00c9volution (ISEM, UMR 5554 CNRS\u2010IRD\u2010UM) Universit\u00e9 de Montpellier  Montpellier Cedex 5 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School of Dental Medicine Tsurumi University  Yokohama Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"van de Kamp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation (IPS) Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)  Eggenstein\u2010Leopoldshafen Germany"},{"name":"Laboratory for Applications of Synchrotron Radiation (LAS) Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)  Karlsruhe Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elias","family":"Hamann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation (IPS) Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)  Eggenstein\u2010Leopoldshafen Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marcus","family":"Zuber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation (IPS) Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)  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France"},{"name":"Mammal Section, Department of Life Sciences The Natural History Museum  London UK"},{"name":"Institut Universitaire de France (IUF)  Paris France"},{"name":"Division of Vertebrate Zoology (Mammalogy) American Museum of Natural History  New York New York USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8701-5421","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lionel","family":"Hautier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut des Sciences de l'\u00c9volution (ISEM, UMR 5554 CNRS\u2010IRD\u2010UM) Universit\u00e9 de Montpellier  Montpellier Cedex 5 France"},{"name":"Mammal Section, Department of Life Sciences The Natural History Museum  London UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1474-9613","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eli","family":"Amson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Staatliches Museum f\u00fcr Naturkunde Stuttgart  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