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Its sister taxon relationship with the approximately contemporaneous species <jats:italic>Eosuchus minor<\/jats:italic> from the east coast of the USA has been explained through transoceanic dispersal, indicating a capability for salt excretion that is absent in extant gavialoids. However, there is currently no anatomical evidence to support marine adaptation in extinct gavialoids. Furthermore, the placement of <jats:italic>Eosuchus<\/jats:italic> within Gavialoidea is labile, with some analyses supporting affinities with the Late Cretaceous to early Paleogene \u201cthoracosaurs.\u201d Here we present novel data on the internal and external anatomy of the skull of <jats:italic>E. lerichei<\/jats:italic> that enables a revised diagnosis, with 6 autapormorphies identified for the genus and 10 features that enable differentiation of the species from <jats:italic>Eosuchus minor<\/jats:italic>. Our phylogenetic analyses recover <jats:italic>Eosuchus<\/jats:italic> as an early diverging gavialid gavialoid that is not part of the \u201cthoracosaur\u201d group. In addition to thickened semi\u2010circular canal walls of the endosseous labyrinth and paratympanic sinus reduction, we identify potential osteological correlates for salt glands in the internal surface of the prefrontal and lacrimal bones of <jats:italic>E. lerichei<\/jats:italic>. These salt glands potentially provide anatomical evidence for the capability of transoceanic dispersal within <jats:italic>Eosuchus<\/jats:italic>, and we also identify them in the Late Cretaceous \u201cthoracosaur\u201d <jats:italic>Portugalosuchus<\/jats:italic>. Given that the earliest diverging and stratigraphically oldest gavialoids either have evidence for a nasal salt gland and\/or have been recovered from marine deposits, this suggests the capacity for salt excretion might be ancestral for Gavialoidea. Mapping osteological and geological evidence for marine adaptation onto a phylogeny indicates that there was probably more than one independent loss\/reduction in the capacity for salt excretion in gavialoids.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.25569","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,4]],"date-time":"2024-09-04T01:12:15Z","timestamp":1725412335000},"page":"636-670","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Endocranial anatomy and phylogenetic position of the crocodylian <i>Eosuchus lerichei<\/i> from the late Paleocene of northwestern Europe and potential adaptations for transoceanic dispersal in gavialoids"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"308","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0328-7003","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul M. 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